chore: resolve pip-audit failures for click, pillow, and json-repair

The vulnerability scan started failing when PYSEC-2026-2132 (click) and
PYSEC-2026-2253..2257 (pillow) were published on Jul 12. Both have fixed
releases within our constraints, so `uv.lock` upgrades click to 8.4.2 and
pillow to 12.3.0. A newer json-repair advisory (GHSA-xf7x-x43h-rpqh) also
surfaced; its fix is outside the `json-repair~=0.25.2` pin and 0.25.x lacks
the vulnerable `schema_repair` module, so it joins the ignore list in
`vulnerability-scan.yml` with a justification.

.github/workflows/vulnerability-scan.yml

@@ -74,7 +74,8 @@ jobs:
             --ignore-vuln PYSEC-2025-217 \
             --ignore-vuln PYSEC-2025-218 \
             --ignore-vuln PYSEC-2026-597 \
-            --ignore-vuln GHSA-f4j7-r4q5-qw2c
+            --ignore-vuln GHSA-f4j7-r4q5-qw2c \
+            --ignore-vuln GHSA-xf7x-x43h-rpqh
         # Ignored CVEs:
         #   PYSEC-2024-277      - joblib 1.5.3: disputed; NumpyArrayWrapper only used with trusted caches
         #   PYSEC-2026-89       - markdown 3.10.2: DoS via malformed HTML; fix 3.8.1 — already past, advisory range is stale
@@ -89,6 +90,9 @@ jobs:
         #   GHSA-f4j7-r4q5-qw2c - chromadb 1.1.1 (CVE-2026-45829): pre-auth RCE via /api/v2/tenants/{tenant}/databases/{db}/collections when trust_remote_code=true.
         #                         Advisory: vulnerable >=1.0.0,<=1.5.9, firstPatchedVersion=none. We only use chromadb.PersistentClient (lib/crewai/src/crewai/rag/chromadb/factory.py)
         #                         and chromadb.utils.embedding_functions; the chromadb HTTP server is never started, so the vulnerable route is not exposed.
+        #   GHSA-xf7x-x43h-rpqh - json-repair 0.25.3 (published 2026-07-13): CPU DoS via circular $ref in SchemaRepairer.resolve_schema().
+        #                         The vulnerable schema_repair module does not exist in 0.25.x (added in later releases), and CrewAI only calls
+        #                         repair_json() without schemas. The fixed release 0.60.1 is outside the json-repair~=0.25.2 pin.
         continue-on-error: true
 
       - name: Display results

docs/edge/en/concepts/llms.mdx

@@ -144,6 +144,18 @@ In this section, you'll find detailed examples that help you select, configure,
     )
     ```
 
+    **Custom OpenAI-Compatible Endpoint:**
+    ```python Code
+    from crewai import LLM
+
+    llm = LLM(
+        model="anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6",
+        custom_openai=True,
+        base_url="https://your-gateway.example.com/v1",
+        api_key="your-gateway-api-key",
+    )
+    ```
+
     **Advanced Configuration:**
     ```python Code
     from crewai import LLM

docs/edge/en/learn/litellm-removal-guide.mdx

@@ -240,14 +240,15 @@ from crewai import LLM
 
 # After (OpenAI-compatible mode, no LiteLLM needed):
 llm = LLM(
-    model="openai/llama3",
+    model="llama3",
+    custom_openai=True,
     base_url="http://localhost:11434/v1",
     api_key="ollama"  # Ollama doesn't require a real API key
 )
 ```
 
 <Tip>
-  Many local inference servers (Ollama, vLLM, LM Studio, llama.cpp) expose an OpenAI-compatible API. You can use the `openai/` prefix with a custom `base_url` to connect to any of them natively.
+  Many local inference servers (Ollama, vLLM, LM Studio, llama.cpp) expose an OpenAI-compatible API. You can use `custom_openai=True` with a custom `base_url` to connect to any of them natively while keeping the model ID your gateway expects.
 </Tip>
 
 ### Step 4: Update your YAML configs
@@ -295,6 +296,92 @@ crewai run
 uv run pytest
 ```
 
+## Custom OpenAI-Compatible Endpoints
+
+Many providers and local servers (Ollama, vLLM, LM Studio, llama.cpp, LiteLLM proxies, and hosted gateways) expose an **OpenAI-compatible** API. Instead of routing these through LiteLLM, you can talk to them directly with CrewAI's native OpenAI integration by setting `custom_openai=True`.
+
+This is the recommended replacement for any LiteLLM provider that offers an OpenAI-compatible endpoint.
+
+### How it works
+
+- `custom_openai=True` forces CrewAI to use the native OpenAI SDK, regardless of the model name.
+- The model ID is passed to the endpoint without validation against OpenAI's known-model list. This lets you use arbitrary model IDs your gateway expects (for example, `anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6` served behind an OpenAI-compatible proxy). An optional leading `openai/` routing prefix is stripped.
+- A base URL is **required**. CrewAI resolves it, in order, from:
+  1. `base_url=...`
+  2. `api_base=...`
+  3. `OPENAI_BASE_URL` environment variable
+  4. `OPENAI_API_BASE` environment variable (legacy)
+
+  If none are set, CrewAI raises a `ValueError` so misconfiguration fails fast instead of silently hitting `api.openai.com`.
+
+```python
+from crewai import LLM
+
+llm = LLM(
+    model="anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6",  # passed through as-is
+    custom_openai=True,
+    base_url="https://your-gateway.example/v1",
+    api_key="your-key",
+)
+```
+
+### Connect to common servers
+
+<Tabs>
+  <Tab title="Ollama">
+    ```python
+    from crewai import LLM
+
+    llm = LLM(
+        model="llama3.2:latest",
+        custom_openai=True,
+        base_url="http://localhost:11434/v1",
+        api_key="ollama",  # Ollama ignores it, but the client requires a value
+    )
+    ```
+  </Tab>
+  <Tab title="vLLM">
+    ```python
+    from crewai import LLM
+
+    llm = LLM(
+        model="meta-llama/Meta-Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct",
+        custom_openai=True,
+        base_url="http://localhost:8000/v1",
+        api_key="not-needed",
+    )
+    ```
+  </Tab>
+  <Tab title="LM Studio">
+    ```python
+    from crewai import LLM
+
+    llm = LLM(
+        model="your-loaded-model",
+        custom_openai=True,
+        base_url="http://localhost:1234/v1",
+        api_key="lm-studio",
+    )
+    ```
+  </Tab>
+  <Tab title="Env vars">
+    ```bash
+    export OPENAI_BASE_URL="https://your-gateway.example/v1"
+    export OPENAI_API_KEY="your-key"
+    ```
+    ```python
+    from crewai import LLM
+
+    # base_url is picked up from OPENAI_BASE_URL / OPENAI_API_BASE
+    llm = LLM(model="anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6", custom_openai=True)
+    ```
+  </Tab>
+</Tabs>
+
+<Tip>
+  If you use the `openai/` prefix with a model that isn't a known OpenAI model and pass `base_url` or `api_base` directly, CrewAI automatically treats it as a custom OpenAI-compatible endpoint. Environment variables alone do not enable automatic routing for unknown models; set `custom_openai=True` when configuring the endpoint through `OPENAI_BASE_URL` or `OPENAI_API_BASE`.
+</Tip>
+
 ## Quick Reference: Model String Mapping
 
 Here are common migration paths from LiteLLM-dependent providers to native ones:
@@ -321,7 +408,8 @@ llm = LLM(model="anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-20250514")  # High quality
 # Ollama → OpenAI-compatible (keep using local models)
 # llm = LLM(model="ollama/llama3")
 llm = LLM(
-    model="openai/llama3",
+    model="llama3",
+    custom_openai=True,
     base_url="http://localhost:11434/v1",
     api_key="ollama"
 )
@@ -349,6 +437,9 @@ llm = LLM(
   <Accordion title="What about environment variables like OPENAI_API_KEY?">
     Native providers use the same environment variables you're already familiar with. No changes needed for `OPENAI_API_KEY`, `ANTHROPIC_API_KEY`, `GEMINI_API_KEY`, etc.
   </Accordion>
+  <Accordion title="How do I connect to Groq, Together AI, or other OpenAI-compatible providers without LiteLLM?">
+    Most of these providers expose an OpenAI-compatible API. Use `custom_openai=True` with their base URL and API key — see [Custom OpenAI-Compatible Endpoints](#custom-openai-compatible-endpoints). For example, Groq: `LLM(model="llama-3.1-70b-versatile", custom_openai=True, base_url="https://api.groq.com/openai/v1", api_key="...")`. The model ID is passed through untouched, so use whatever ID the provider expects.
+  </Accordion>
 </AccordionGroup>
 
 ## Related Resources

lib/cli/src/crewai_cli/crew_run_tui.py

@@ -568,12 +568,32 @@ FooterKey .footer-key--key {
         self._default_inputs: dict[str, Any] | None = None
         self._crew_result: Any = None
         self._crew_json_path: Any = None
+        # Declarative-flow execution state. A flow renders per-method "STEPS"
+        # (built from flow method events) instead of the crew task list.
+        self._flow_inputs: dict[str, Any] | None = None
+        self._flow_method_types: dict[str, str] = {}
+        self._flow_steps: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+        self._current_method: str | None = None
         self._elapsed_frozen: float | None = None
         self._want_deploy: bool = False
         self._trace_url: str | None = None
         self._consent_screen: TraceConsentScreen | None = None
         self._telemetry: Telemetry | None = None
 
+    @property
+    def _is_flow_run(self) -> bool:
+        """True for a non-conversational declarative flow (the STEPS view).
+
+        Gates every flow-specific rendering branch so crew and conversational
+        paths stay byte-identical.
+        """
+        return self._flow is not None and not self._is_conversational
+
+    @property
+    def _run_noun(self) -> str:
+        """User-facing noun for the run — 'flow' for a declarative flow, else 'crew'."""
+        return "flow" if self._is_flow_run else "crew"
+
     # ── Layout ──────────────────────────────────────────────
 
     def compose(self) -> ComposeResult:
@@ -602,6 +622,8 @@ FooterKey .footer-key--key {
         self._tick_timer = self.set_interval(1 / 8, self._tick)
         if self._is_conversational and self._flow:
             self._start_conversational_session()
+        elif self._flow:
+            self._run_flow_worker()
         elif self._crew:
             self._run_crew_worker()
         elif self._crew_json_path:
@@ -681,6 +703,49 @@ FooterKey .footer-key--key {
         except Exception as e:
             self.call_from_thread(self._on_crew_failed, str(e))
 
+    @work(thread=True, exclusive=True, group="flow")
+    def _run_flow_worker(self) -> None:
+        from crewai.events.listeners.tracing.utils import (
+            set_suppress_tracing_messages,
+            set_tui_mode,
+        )
+
+        set_tui_mode(True)
+        set_suppress_tracing_messages(True)
+        try:
+            # A declarative flow returns either a CrewOutput (has ``.raw``) or a
+            # bare value (str/dict/pydantic); _stringify_output handles both.
+            result = self._flow.kickoff(inputs=self._flow_inputs)
+            output = self._stringify_output(result)
+            with self._lock:
+                self._crew_result = result
+            self.call_from_thread(self._on_crew_done, output)
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.call_from_thread(self._on_crew_failed, str(e))
+
+    def _set_flow_step_status(self, name: str, status: str) -> None:
+        """Update a flow method step's status. Caller must hold ``self._lock``."""
+        for step in self._flow_steps:
+            if step["name"] == name:
+                step["status"] = status
+                return
+
+    def _clear_current_method(self, finished_name: str) -> None:
+        """Drop the header's active method once it ends. Caller holds the lock.
+
+        Falls back to another still-active step (methods can overlap) so the
+        header never keeps spinning a method the STEPS list already shows as
+        done or failed.
+        """
+        if self._current_method != finished_name:
+            return
+        self._current_method = next(
+            (s["name"] for s in self._flow_steps if s["status"] == "active"), None
+        )
+        # The active method changed; drop its agent so the header doesn't show a
+        # stale agent until the next method's agent event arrives.
+        self._current_agent = ""
+
     def _on_crew_done(self, output: str | None) -> None:
         with self._lock:
             self._status = "completed"
@@ -694,13 +759,18 @@ FooterKey .footer-key--key {
             for k in self._task_statuses:
                 if self._task_statuses[k] == "active":
                     self._task_statuses[k] = "done"
+            for step in self._flow_steps:
+                if step["status"] == "active":
+                    step["status"] = "done"
             now = time.time()
             for entry in self._log_entries:
                 if entry["status"] == "running":
                     if entry["tool_name"] == "memory_save":
                         continue
                     entry["status"] = "timeout"
-                    entry["error"] = "No result received before crew completed"
+                    entry["error"] = (
+                        f"No result received before {self._run_noun} completed"
+                    )
                     entry["duration"] = now - entry["start_time"]
         try:
             from crewai.events.listeners.tracing.trace_listener import (
@@ -739,13 +809,18 @@ FooterKey .footer-key--key {
             self._is_streaming = False
             self._current_step = None
             self._elapsed_frozen = time.time() - self._start_time
+            for step in self._flow_steps:
+                if step["status"] == "active":
+                    step["status"] = "failed"
             now = time.time()
             for entry in self._log_entries:
                 if entry["status"] == "running":
                     if entry["tool_name"] == "memory_save":
                         continue
                     entry["status"] = "error"
-                    entry["error"] = "No result received before crew failed"
+                    entry["error"] = (
+                        f"No result received before {self._run_noun} failed"
+                    )
                     entry["duration"] = now - entry["start_time"]
         self._tick()
         self.call_later(self._focus_activity_log)
@@ -1156,6 +1231,45 @@ FooterKey .footer-key--key {
             widget.update(t)
             return
 
+        if self._is_flow_run:
+            t.append("  STEPS\n", style=f"bold {_C_PRIMARY}")
+            t.append("\n")
+            if not self._flow_steps:
+                t.append("  ○ waiting…\n", style=_C_DIM)
+            for step in self._flow_steps:
+                name = step["name"]
+                max_name = sidebar_width - 6
+                if len(name) > max_name:
+                    name = name[: max_name - 1] + "…"
+                status = step.get("status", "pending")
+                if status == "done":
+                    t.append("  ✔ ", style=_C_GREEN)
+                    t.append(name, style=_C_DIM)
+                elif status == "active":
+                    t.append(f"  {self._spinner()} ", style=_C_PRIMARY)
+                    t.append(name, style=f"bold {_C_TEXT}")
+                elif status == "failed":
+                    t.append("  ✘ ", style=_C_RED)
+                    t.append(name, style=_C_RED)
+                elif status == "paused":
+                    t.append("  ⏸ ", style=_C_TEAL)
+                    t.append(name, style=_C_TEAL)
+                else:
+                    t.append("  ○ ", style=_C_DIM)
+                    t.append(name, style=_C_DIM)
+                if step.get("call_type"):
+                    t.append(f"  ({step['call_type']})", style=_C_DIM)
+                t.append("\n")
+
+            t.append("\n")
+            t.append("  TOKENS\n", style=f"bold {_C_PRIMARY}")
+            t.append("\n")
+            out = self._output_tokens + self._live_out_tokens
+            t.append(f"  ↑ {self._input_tokens:,}\n", style=_C_DIM)
+            t.append(f"  ↓ {out:,}\n", style=_C_DIM)
+            widget.update(t)
+            return
+
         t.append("  TASKS\n", style=f"bold {_C_PRIMARY}")
         t.append("\n")
 
@@ -1225,6 +1339,55 @@ FooterKey .footer-key--key {
             widget.update(t)
             return
 
+        if self._is_flow_run:
+            if self._status == "completed":
+                elapsed = self._elapsed_frozen or (time.time() - self._start_time)
+                t.append("✔ ", style=f"bold {_C_GREEN}")
+                t.append("Flow complete", style=f"bold {_C_GREEN}")
+                t.append(f"  {elapsed:.1f}s", style=_C_DIM)
+                out = self._output_tokens + self._live_out_tokens
+                parts = []
+                if self._input_tokens:
+                    parts.append(f"↑{self._input_tokens:,}")
+                if out:
+                    parts.append(f"↓{out:,}")
+                if parts:
+                    t.append(f"  {' '.join(parts)} tokens", style=_C_DIM)
+            elif self._status == "failed":
+                t.append("✘ ", style=f"bold {_C_RED}")
+                t.append("Failed", style=f"bold {_C_RED}")
+                if self._error:
+                    t.append(f"\n{self._error[:120]}", style=_C_RED)
+            elif self._current_method:
+                paused = any(
+                    s["name"] == self._current_method and s["status"] == "paused"
+                    for s in self._flow_steps
+                )
+                if paused:
+                    t.append("⏸ ", style=_C_TEAL)
+                    t.append(self._current_method, style=f"bold {_C_TEAL}")
+                else:
+                    t.append(f"{self._spinner()} ", style=_C_PRIMARY)
+                    t.append(self._current_method, style=f"bold {_C_PRIMARY}")
+                call_type = self._flow_method_types.get(self._current_method)
+                if call_type:
+                    t.append(f"  ({call_type})", style=_C_DIM)
+                if paused:
+                    t.append("  waiting for feedback", style=_C_DIM)
+                elif self._current_agent:
+                    t.append("\nAgent: ", style=_C_DIM)
+                    t.append(self._current_agent, style=f"bold {_C_TEXT}")
+            else:
+                t.append(f"{self._spinner()} ", style=_C_PRIMARY)
+                # "Working…" once a step has run (between/after methods);
+                # "Starting flow…" only before the first method.
+                t.append(
+                    "Working…" if self._flow_steps else "Starting flow…",
+                    style=_C_DIM,
+                )
+            widget.update(t)
+            return
+
         if self._status == "completed":
             elapsed = self._elapsed_frozen or (time.time() - self._start_time)
             t.append("✔ ", style=f"bold {_C_GREEN}")
@@ -1839,6 +2002,13 @@ FooterKey .footer-key--key {
     def _subscribe(self) -> None:
         from crewai.events.event_bus import crewai_event_bus
         from crewai.events.types.crew_events import CrewKickoffStartedEvent
+        from crewai.events.types.flow_events import (
+            FlowStartedEvent,
+            MethodExecutionFailedEvent,
+            MethodExecutionFinishedEvent,
+            MethodExecutionPausedEvent,
+            MethodExecutionStartedEvent,
+        )
         from crewai.events.types.llm_events import (
             LLMCallCompletedEvent,
             LLMCallStartedEvent,
@@ -1872,13 +2042,74 @@ FooterKey .footer-key--key {
         @crewai_event_bus.on(CrewKickoffStartedEvent)
         def on_crew_started(source: Any, event: CrewKickoffStartedEvent) -> None:
             with self._lock:
-                if event.crew_name:
+                # In flow mode the app is named for the flow; a nested crew's
+                # kickoff (a `call: crew` step) must not rename it.
+                if event.crew_name and not self._is_flow_run:
                     self._crew_name = event.crew_name
                     self.title = f"CrewAI — {event.crew_name}"
                 self._status = "working"
 
         self._register_handler(CrewKickoffStartedEvent, on_crew_started)
 
+        # ── Declarative-flow method events → STEPS panel ────────
+        @crewai_event_bus.on(FlowStartedEvent)
+        def on_flow_started(source: Any, event: FlowStartedEvent) -> None:
+            with self._lock:
+                self._status = "working"
+
+        self._register_handler(FlowStartedEvent, on_flow_started)
+
+        @crewai_event_bus.on(MethodExecutionStartedEvent)
+        def on_method_started(source: Any, event: MethodExecutionStartedEvent) -> None:
+            with self._lock:
+                name = event.method_name
+                self._current_method = name
+                # Agent is per-method; clear it so the header doesn't show the
+                # previous method's agent until a new agent event arrives.
+                self._current_agent = ""
+                for step in self._flow_steps:
+                    if step["name"] == name:
+                        step["status"] = "active"
+                        break
+                else:
+                    self._flow_steps.append(
+                        {
+                            "name": name,
+                            "call_type": self._flow_method_types.get(name),
+                            "status": "active",
+                        }
+                    )
+
+        self._register_handler(MethodExecutionStartedEvent, on_method_started)
+
+        @crewai_event_bus.on(MethodExecutionFinishedEvent)
+        def on_method_finished(
+            source: Any, event: MethodExecutionFinishedEvent
+        ) -> None:
+            with self._lock:
+                self._set_flow_step_status(event.method_name, "done")
+                self._clear_current_method(event.method_name)
+
+        self._register_handler(MethodExecutionFinishedEvent, on_method_finished)
+
+        @crewai_event_bus.on(MethodExecutionFailedEvent)
+        def on_method_failed(source: Any, event: MethodExecutionFailedEvent) -> None:
+            with self._lock:
+                self._set_flow_step_status(event.method_name, "failed")
+                self._clear_current_method(event.method_name)
+
+        self._register_handler(MethodExecutionFailedEvent, on_method_failed)
+
+        @crewai_event_bus.on(MethodExecutionPausedEvent)
+        def on_method_paused(source: Any, event: MethodExecutionPausedEvent) -> None:
+            # A @human_feedback method paused; flow status panels are suppressed
+            # in TUI mode, so surface the wait in STEPS/header instead of leaving
+            # a spinner. _current_method stays pointed at it.
+            with self._lock:
+                self._set_flow_step_status(event.method_name, "paused")
+
+        self._register_handler(MethodExecutionPausedEvent, on_method_paused)
+
         @crewai_event_bus.on(TaskStartedEvent)
         def on_task_started(source: Any, event: TaskStartedEvent) -> None:
             with self._lock:

lib/cli/src/crewai_cli/run_declarative_flow.py

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import json
+import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 import subprocess
-from typing import Any
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 import click
 from crewai_core.project import ProjectDefinitionError, configured_project_definition
@@ -18,6 +19,13 @@ from crewai_cli.input_prompt import (
 from crewai_cli.utils import build_env_with_all_tool_credentials
 
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from crewai.flow.flow import Flow
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
 def run_declarative_flow_in_project_env(
     definition: str | Path, inputs: str | None = None
 ) -> None:
@@ -66,17 +74,182 @@ def run_declarative_flow(definition: str | Path, inputs: str | None = None) -> N
     flow = load_declarative_flow(definition)
     resolved_inputs = _resolve_flow_inputs(flow, provided)
 
+    # The TUI is the interactive default. Headless contexts run directly on the
+    # terminal: deploy/CREWAI_DMN, piped output, CI — anything without an
+    # interactive TTY. is_interactive() already folds in the CREWAI_DMN check.
+    # Human-feedback flows also run on the terminal: their methods collect input
+    # via the flow runtime's blocking input()/Rich prompts (and async feedback
+    # returns a pending marker rather than completing), neither of which the
+    # Textual TUI can handle correctly.
+    if is_interactive() and not _flow_uses_human_feedback(flow):
+        _run_declarative_flow_tui(flow, resolved_inputs or None)
+        return
+
     try:
         result = flow.kickoff(inputs=resolved_inputs or None)
     except Exception as exc:
         click.echo(
-            f"An error occurred while running the declarative flow: {exc}", err=True
+            f"An error occurred while running the declarative flow: {exc}",
+            err=True,
         )
         raise SystemExit(1) from exc
-
     click.echo(_format_result(result))
 
 
+def _run_declarative_flow_tui(
+    flow: Flow[Any], resolved_inputs: dict[str, Any] | None
+) -> Any:
+    """Run a declarative flow on the CrewAI TUI (the interactive default).
+
+    Mirrors the declarative-crew TUI contract (``run_crew._run_json_crew``):
+    a failed flow exits non-zero, a user quit ends the process so in-flight LLM
+    work stops, and choosing Deploy chains into the deploy command.
+    """
+    import os
+    import sys
+
+    from crewai.events.event_listener import EventListener
+
+    from crewai_cli.crew_run_tui import CrewRunApp
+
+    # The flow runtime (unlike a Crew constructor) doesn't create the event
+    # listener, and the TUI's trace/telemetry features depend on it.
+    EventListener()
+
+    # The STEPS panel and header are driven by flow method events. A flow may
+    # declare ``config.suppress_flow_events`` (a headless/production
+    # optimization) which would leave STEPS stuck on "waiting…" here — so force
+    # emission on for the interactive TUI run. The headless path never reaches
+    # this and keeps the flow's declared setting.
+    try:
+        flow.suppress_flow_events = False
+    except Exception:
+        logger.debug(
+            "Could not disable suppress_flow_events for the flow TUI", exc_info=True
+        )
+
+    app = CrewRunApp(crew_name=flow.name or type(flow).__name__)
+    app._flow = flow
+    app._flow_inputs = resolved_inputs
+    app._flow_method_types = _flow_method_types(flow)
+
+    app.run()
+
+    _print_flow_post_tui_summary(app)
+
+    if app._status == "failed":
+        raise SystemExit(1)
+
+    if app._status not in ("completed", "failed"):
+        # User quit mid-run. kickoff runs in a thread worker that cannot be
+        # force-cancelled, so end the process to stop in-flight LLM and tool
+        # work instead of letting it burn tokens in the background.
+        click.secho("\n  Run cancelled.", fg="yellow")
+        sys.stdout.flush()
+        os._exit(130)
+
+    if getattr(app, "_want_deploy", False):
+        from crewai_cli.run_crew import _chain_deploy
+
+        _chain_deploy()
+
+    return app._crew_result
+
+
+def _flow_uses_human_feedback(flow: Flow[Any]) -> bool:
+    """True if any declarative method declares ``@human_feedback``.
+
+    Such flows need the flow runtime's interactive stdin / Rich prompts, which
+    don't compose with Textual — so they run on the terminal, not the TUI.
+    """
+    try:
+        return any(
+            method.human_feedback is not None
+            for method in flow._definition.methods.values()
+        )
+    except Exception:
+        logger.debug("Could not inspect flow for human feedback", exc_info=True)
+        return False
+
+
+def _flow_method_types(flow: Flow[Any]) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """Map each declarative method name to its ``call`` type (crew/agent/…).
+
+    Best-effort: the STEPS panel shows this as a dim label. Method events don't
+    carry the call type, so it's read from the flow definition up front.
+    """
+    method_types: dict[str, str] = {}
+    try:
+        for name, method_definition in flow._definition.methods.items():
+            method_types[name] = method_definition.do.call
+    except Exception:
+        logger.debug("Could not derive flow method types", exc_info=True)
+    return method_types
+
+
+def _print_flow_post_tui_summary(app: Any) -> None:
+    """Print a compact result panel after the flow TUI exits."""
+    import time
+
+    from rich.console import Console
+    from rich.markdown import Markdown
+    from rich.padding import Padding
+    from rich.panel import Panel
+    from rich.text import Text
+
+    console = Console()
+    elapsed = (app._elapsed_frozen or (time.time() - app._start_time)) or 0.0
+
+    out_tokens = app._output_tokens + app._live_out_tokens
+    token_parts = []
+    if app._input_tokens:
+        token_parts.append(f"↑{app._input_tokens:,}")
+    if out_tokens:
+        token_parts.append(f"↓{out_tokens:,}")
+    token_str = "  ".join(token_parts)
+    if token_str:
+        token_str += " tokens"
+
+    crewai_red = "#FF5A50"
+    crewai_teal = "#1F7982"
+
+    if app._status == "completed":
+        summary = Text()
+        summary.append("  ✔ Flow complete", style=f"bold {crewai_teal}")
+        summary.append(f" in {elapsed:.1f}s", style="dim")
+        if token_str:
+            summary.append(f"  {token_str}", style="dim")
+        console.print(
+            Panel(
+                summary,
+                title=f" {app._crew_name} ",
+                title_align="left",
+                border_style=crewai_teal,
+                padding=(0, 1),
+            )
+        )
+        if app._final_output:
+            console.print()
+            console.print(Text("  Final Result", style=f"bold {crewai_teal}"))
+            console.print()
+            console.print(Padding(Markdown(app._final_output), (0, 2)))
+    elif app._status == "failed":
+        content = Text()
+        content.append("  ✘ Failed", style=f"bold {crewai_red}")
+        content.append(f" after {elapsed:.1f}s\n", style="dim")
+        if app._error:
+            content.append(f"\n  {app._error}\n", style=crewai_red)
+        console.print(
+            Panel(
+                content,
+                title=f" {app._crew_name} ",
+                title_align="left",
+                border_style=crewai_red,
+                padding=(0, 1),
+            )
+        )
+
+
 def _resolve_flow_inputs(flow: Any, provided: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Resolve kickoff inputs from the flow's state schema.
 

lib/cli/src/crewai_cli/templates/declarative_flow/AGENTS.md

@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ Use these expression forms correctly:
 - Raw CEL: use in `expr`. Do not wrap raw CEL in `${...}`.
 - Use `${...}` inside action mapping strings to read Flow data with CEL. Example value: `Ticket: ${state.ticket_id}`.
 - Use `state` for input data. Use `outputs.step_name` for a completed method result.
+- In action mapping strings, keep literal text outside `${...}` and interpolate each Flow value directly. Write `Ticket: ${state.ticket_id}`; do not assemble the string with CEL `+`.
 - If a value is only one `${...}` expression, the result keeps its type. Use this for numbers, booleans, objects, and lists.
 - If the string has other text, the final value is text. Non-text values become JSON. `null` becomes empty text.
-- Use `text(root, "path", "default")` for values that may be missing or null. The default is optional and is `""`.
 
 Expression examples:
 
@@ -78,12 +78,6 @@ domains: "${state.domains}"
 limit: "${state.limit}"
 ```
 
-Use a default for missing text:
-
-```yaml
-input: "Ticket ${text(state, \"ticket.id\", \"unknown\")}"
-```
-
 - Crew text: use `{name}` placeholders from crew inputs. Example: `Research {topic}`.
 - Crew inputs become prompt text only when agent or task text references matching `{name}` placeholders.
 - Passing an input that is not referenced by any `{name}` placeholder does not ground the crew. If the crew needs a field, put that placeholder in an agent `goal`, task `description`, or task `expected_output`.
@@ -111,6 +105,7 @@ Dynamic value rules:
 - Do not use fields outside the declaration schema.
 - Do not put more than one action under a method's `do`.
 - Do not make `do` a list.
+- Do not use CEL `+` to build text in action mappings. Keep the text literal and insert each dynamic value with `${...}`.
 - Do not reference `outputs.some_method` before `some_method` can run.
 - Do not set a method's `listen` to its own method name.
 - Do not use the same string for an emitted event and a method name unless the user asks for it.
@@ -246,7 +241,7 @@ Shape:
 Fields:
 - `call` (required): must be `crew`. Action discriminator. Use crew to run an inline Crew definition. Example: `crew`
 - `with` (required): inline crew definition. Inline Crew definition to load and execute for this action. Example: `{"agents": {"researcher": {"backstory": "Knows the domain.", "goal": "Research {topic}", "role": "Researcher"}}, "name": "inline_research", "tasks": [{"agent": "researcher", "description": "Research {topic}", "expected_output": "Findings about {topic}", "name": "research_task"}]}`
-- `inputs` (optional): map of string to expression data | null; default `null`. Actual kickoff inputs passed to the Crew. Use `${...}` inside action mapping strings to read Flow data with CEL. Example value: `Ticket: ${state.ticket_id}`. Use `state` for input data. Use `outputs.step_name` for a completed method result. If a value is only one `${...}` expression, the result keeps its type. Use this for numbers, booleans, objects, and lists. If the string has other text, the final value is text. Non-text values become JSON. `null` becomes empty text. Use `text(root, "path", "default")` for values that may be missing or null. The default is optional and is `""`. The evaluated values are available to crew agent and task interpolation as `{name}` placeholders; reference each input the crew needs in agent or task text. Example: `{"topic": "${state.topic}"}`
+- `inputs` (optional): map of string to expression data | null; default `null`. Runtime inputs passed to the Crew. Insert Flow values with `${...}` and reference each input as `{name}` in agent or task text. Example: `{"topic": "${state.topic}"}`
 
 #### Crew Definition (`methods.<name>.do[call=crew].with`)
 
@@ -311,7 +306,7 @@ Fields:
 - `tools` (optional): list[string | map of string to any] | null; default `null`. Tool refs or serialized tool definitions available to this agent. String refs can use CrewAI tool names, `custom:<name>`, or fully qualified `module:Class` references. Example: `["crewai_tools:SerperDevTool", "custom:file_read"]`
 - `apps` (optional): list[string] | null; default `null`. Platform apps available to this agent. Can contain app names such as `gmail` or app/action refs such as `gmail/send_email`. Example: `["gmail", "slack/send_message"]`
 - `mcps` (optional): list[string | map of string to any] | null; default `null`. MCP server refs or serialized MCP server configs available to this agent. String refs can use HTTPS URLs, connected MCP integration slugs, or refs with a `#tool_name` suffix for specific tools. Example: `["https://api.weather.com/mcp#get_current_weather", "snowflake", "stripe#list_invoices", {"cache_tools_list": true, "headers": {"Authorization": "Bearer your_token"}, "streamable": true, "url": "https://api.example.com/mcp"}]`
-- `input` (required): string. Input passed to the individual agent kickoff outside of a crew. Use one string. Use `${...}` inside action mapping strings to read Flow data with CEL. Example value: `Ticket: ${state.ticket_id}`. Use `state` for input data. Use `outputs.step_name` for a completed method result. If a value is only one `${...}` expression, the result keeps its type. Use this for numbers, booleans, objects, and lists. If the string has other text, the final value is text. Non-text values become JSON. `null` becomes empty text. Use `text(root, "path", "default")` for values that may be missing or null. The default is optional and is `""`. When an agent needs multiple fields, write one string with labels and separators, for example `Ticket ID: ${state.ticket_id}; Message: ${state.message}`. Example: `${state.ticket.body}`
+- `input` (required): string. Agent prompt template. Insert Flow values with `${...}`, for example `Ticket: ${state.ticket_id}`. Example: `${state.ticket.body}`
 
 #### LLM Definition
 
@@ -349,4 +344,3 @@ Fields:
 - Crew action-level `inputs` are the Crew kickoff inputs; use CEL-wrapped strings there for runtime values.
 - Crew agent/task interpolation uses `{name}` placeholders from evaluated crew inputs.
 - Agent `with.input` must be text. Use `${outputs.method_name.raw}` or a text field like `${outputs.method_name.json_dict.summary}`.
-

lib/cli/tests/test_create_flow.py

@@ -29,7 +29,9 @@ def test_create_flow_declarative_project_can_run(
     agents_md = (project_root / "AGENTS.md").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
     assert "CrewAI Flow declaration" in agents_md
     assert "schema: crewai.flow/v1" in agents_md
-    assert 'text(root, "path", "default")' in agents_md
+    assert "do not assemble the string with CEL `+`" in agents_md
+    assert "Agent prompt template. Insert Flow values with `${...}`" in agents_md
+    assert "Runtime inputs passed to the Crew" in agents_md
     assert "call: expression" in agents_md
     assert "call: tool" not in agents_md
     assert "call: script" not in agents_md

lib/cli/tests/test_crew_run_tui.py

@@ -6,6 +6,14 @@ from unittest.mock import Mock
 import pytest
 
 from crewai.events.event_bus import crewai_event_bus
+from crewai.events.types.crew_events import CrewKickoffStartedEvent
+from crewai.events.types.flow_events import (
+    FlowStartedEvent,
+    MethodExecutionFailedEvent,
+    MethodExecutionFinishedEvent,
+    MethodExecutionPausedEvent,
+    MethodExecutionStartedEvent,
+)
 from crewai.events.types.memory_events import (
     MemorySaveCompletedEvent,
     MemorySaveFailedEvent,
@@ -959,6 +967,31 @@ async def test_crew_done_does_not_mark_unfinished_tool_successful() -> None:
     assert app._plan_step_status == {1: "failed", 2: "done", 3: "done"}
 
 
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_flow_done_uses_flow_wording_for_unfinished_tool() -> None:
+    # The shared completion handler reports "flow" (not "crew") in flow mode.
+    app = CrewRunApp(crew_name="Demo Flow")
+    app._flow = SimpleNamespace()
+
+    async with app.run_test(size=(100, 40)) as pilot:
+        app._log_entries = [
+            {
+                "tool_name": "search",
+                "status": "running",
+                "args": None,
+                "result": None,
+                "error": None,
+                "start_time": time.time() - 2,
+                "duration": None,
+                "task_idx": 1,
+            }
+        ]
+        app._on_crew_done("final output")
+        await pilot.pause()
+
+    assert app._log_entries[0]["error"] == "No result received before flow completed"
+
+
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_crew_done_does_not_timeout_memory_save() -> None:
     app = _app_with_plan()
@@ -1481,3 +1514,210 @@ def test_overlapping_task_logs_keep_their_own_state() -> None:
         assert any(step.get("summary") == "thinking" for step in entry2["steps"])
     finally:
         app._unsubscribe()
+
+
+# ── Declarative-flow (non-conversational) TUI support ───────
+
+
+def test_is_flow_run_gating() -> None:
+    """The flow-render gate must be true only for a non-conversational flow."""
+    crew_app = CrewRunApp(total_tasks=1)
+    crew_app._crew = SimpleNamespace()
+    assert crew_app._is_flow_run is False
+
+    conv_app = CrewRunApp(conversational=True)
+    conv_app._flow = SimpleNamespace()
+    assert conv_app._is_flow_run is False
+
+    flow_app = CrewRunApp()
+    flow_app._flow = SimpleNamespace()
+    assert flow_app._is_flow_run is True
+
+
+def test_flow_method_events_build_steps() -> None:
+    app = CrewRunApp(crew_name="Demo")
+    app._flow = SimpleNamespace()
+    app._flow_method_types = {"research": "crew", "summarize": "agent"}
+    app._subscribe()
+    try:
+        _emit_event(FlowStartedEvent(flow_name="Demo"))
+        assert app._status == "working"
+
+        _emit_event(
+            MethodExecutionStartedEvent(
+                flow_name="Demo", method_name="research", state={}
+            )
+        )
+        assert app._flow_steps == [
+            {"name": "research", "call_type": "crew", "status": "active"}
+        ]
+        assert app._current_method == "research"
+
+        _emit_event(
+            MethodExecutionFinishedEvent(
+                flow_name="Demo", method_name="research", result="ok", state={}
+            )
+        )
+        _emit_event(
+            MethodExecutionStartedEvent(
+                flow_name="Demo", method_name="summarize", state={}
+            )
+        )
+        _emit_event(
+            MethodExecutionFailedEvent(
+                flow_name="Demo",
+                method_name="summarize",
+                error=RuntimeError("boom"),
+            )
+        )
+    finally:
+        app._unsubscribe()
+
+    assert app._flow_steps == [
+        {"name": "research", "call_type": "crew", "status": "done"},
+        {"name": "summarize", "call_type": "agent", "status": "failed"},
+    ]
+    # The header must not keep spinning a method that already ended.
+    assert app._current_method is None
+
+
+def test_current_method_clears_and_falls_back_across_overlap() -> None:
+    app = CrewRunApp(crew_name="Demo")
+    app._flow = SimpleNamespace()
+    app._subscribe()
+    try:
+        _emit_event(
+            MethodExecutionStartedEvent(flow_name="Demo", method_name="a", state={})
+        )
+        _emit_event(
+            MethodExecutionStartedEvent(flow_name="Demo", method_name="b", state={})
+        )
+        assert app._current_method == "b"
+
+        # 'a' finishes while 'b' is still active → header stays on 'b'.
+        _emit_event(
+            MethodExecutionFinishedEvent(
+                flow_name="Demo", method_name="a", result=None, state={}
+            )
+        )
+        assert app._current_method == "b"
+
+        # 'b' finishes → nothing active left → header clears.
+        _emit_event(
+            MethodExecutionFinishedEvent(
+                flow_name="Demo", method_name="b", result=None, state={}
+            )
+        )
+        assert app._current_method is None
+    finally:
+        app._unsubscribe()
+
+
+def test_flow_method_transitions_clear_current_agent() -> None:
+    app = CrewRunApp(crew_name="Demo")
+    app._flow = SimpleNamespace()
+    app._subscribe()
+    try:
+        _emit_event(
+            MethodExecutionStartedEvent(flow_name="Demo", method_name="a", state={})
+        )
+        app._current_agent = "Researcher"  # an agent ran during method 'a'
+
+        # Starting a new method clears the previous method's agent.
+        _emit_event(
+            MethodExecutionStartedEvent(flow_name="Demo", method_name="b", state={})
+        )
+        assert app._current_agent == ""
+
+        app._current_agent = "Writer"
+        # 'b' ending switches the active method ('a' still active) → agent clears.
+        _emit_event(
+            MethodExecutionFinishedEvent(
+                flow_name="Demo", method_name="b", result=None, state={}
+            )
+        )
+        assert app._current_agent == ""
+    finally:
+        app._unsubscribe()
+
+
+def test_crew_kickoff_does_not_rename_flow_run() -> None:
+    # A `call: crew` step must not relabel the flow with the nested crew's name.
+    app = CrewRunApp(crew_name="My Flow")
+    app._flow = SimpleNamespace()
+    app._subscribe()
+    try:
+        _emit_event(CrewKickoffStartedEvent(crew_name="Nested Crew", inputs=None))
+        assert app._crew_name == "My Flow"
+        assert app._status == "working"
+    finally:
+        app._unsubscribe()
+
+
+def test_crew_kickoff_renames_in_crew_mode() -> None:
+    # Regression: crew runs still adopt the crew name from the event.
+    app = CrewRunApp(crew_name="Crew")
+    app._crew = SimpleNamespace()
+    app._subscribe()
+    try:
+        _emit_event(CrewKickoffStartedEvent(crew_name="Real Crew", inputs=None))
+        assert app._crew_name == "Real Crew"
+    finally:
+        app._unsubscribe()
+
+
+def test_method_paused_marks_step_paused() -> None:
+    app = CrewRunApp(crew_name="Demo")
+    app._flow = SimpleNamespace()
+    app._subscribe()
+    try:
+        _emit_event(
+            MethodExecutionStartedEvent(flow_name="Demo", method_name="ask", state={})
+        )
+        _emit_event(
+            MethodExecutionPausedEvent(
+                flow_name="Demo",
+                method_name="ask",
+                state={},
+                flow_id="flow-1",
+                message="Need your input",
+            )
+        )
+        assert app._flow_steps == [
+            {"name": "ask", "call_type": None, "status": "paused"}
+        ]
+        assert app._current_method == "ask"
+    finally:
+        app._unsubscribe()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_declarative_flow_runs_on_tui() -> None:
+    """End-to-end: on_mount dispatches _run_flow_worker → flow.kickoff →
+    _on_crew_done, and any still-active step is swept to done on completion."""
+    kicked: dict[str, object] = {}
+
+    class FakeFlow:
+        name = "Demo Flow"
+
+        def kickoff(self, inputs=None):
+            kicked["inputs"] = inputs
+            return "flow result"
+
+    app = CrewRunApp(crew_name="Demo Flow")
+    app._flow = FakeFlow()
+    app._flow_inputs = {"topic": "AI"}
+    # A step left active (no Finished event) must be swept to done by _on_crew_done.
+    app._flow_steps = [{"name": "compute", "call_type": "expression", "status": "active"}]
+
+    async with app.run_test() as pilot:
+        for _ in range(100):
+            await pilot.pause(0.05)
+            if app._status == "completed":
+                break
+
+    assert kicked["inputs"] == {"topic": "AI"}
+    assert app._status == "completed"
+    assert app._final_output == "flow result"
+    assert app._crew_result == "flow result"
+    assert app._flow_steps[0]["status"] == "done"

lib/cli/tests/test_run_declarative_flow.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import os
 from pathlib import Path
+from types import SimpleNamespace
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -9,6 +10,17 @@ import crewai_cli.input_prompt as input_prompt_module
 import crewai_cli.run_declarative_flow as run_declarative_flow_module
 
 
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def _headless_by_default(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+    """Default these tests to the headless/terminal path.
+
+    ``run_declarative_flow`` now launches the TUI when interactive, which can't
+    run under pytest; tests here assert the terminal/headless contract. Tests
+    that exercise TUI routing override ``is_dmn_mode_enabled`` explicitly.
+    """
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CREWAI_DMN", "true")
+
+
 FLOW_YAML = """\
 schema: crewai.flow/v1
 name: TestFlow
@@ -400,3 +412,202 @@ def test_id_restore_still_drops_unknown_keys(
     assert resolved == {"id": "run-123"}  # id kept, typo dropped
     assert "Ignoring unknown input 'prospect_emai'" in captured.err
     assert "Ignoring unknown input 'id'" not in captured.err
+
+
+# ── TUI vs terminal (headless/deploy) routing ──────────────────────
+
+
+def _install_fake_flow_app(monkeypatch, *, status, want_deploy=False):
+    """Replace CrewRunApp/EventListener/summary so _run_declarative_flow_tui is
+    driven by a controllable fake app."""
+
+    class FakeEventListener:
+        pass
+
+    class FakeApp:
+        def __init__(self, crew_name=""):
+            self._crew_name = crew_name
+            self._status = status
+            self._want_deploy = want_deploy
+            self._crew_result = "result"
+
+        def run(self):
+            pass
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "crewai.events.event_listener.EventListener", FakeEventListener
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr("crewai_cli.crew_run_tui.CrewRunApp", FakeApp)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        run_declarative_flow_module, "_print_flow_post_tui_summary", lambda app: None
+    )
+
+
+def test_run_declarative_flow_dmn_uses_terminal(
+    tmp_path: Path, capsys: pytest.CaptureFixture[str], monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch
+) -> None:
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CREWAI_DMN", "true")
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        run_declarative_flow_module,
+        "_run_declarative_flow_tui",
+        lambda *a, **k: pytest.fail("DMN/headless mode must not launch the TUI"),
+    )
+    path = _write(tmp_path, REQUIRED_FLOW_YAML)
+
+    run_declarative_flow_module.run_declarative_flow(
+        str(path), '{"prospect_email":"a@b.com"}'
+    )
+
+    assert capsys.readouterr().out == "a@b.com\n"
+
+
+def test_run_declarative_flow_interactive_uses_tui(
+    tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch
+) -> None:
+    monkeypatch.setattr(run_declarative_flow_module, "is_interactive", lambda: True)
+    captured: dict[str, object] = {}
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        run_declarative_flow_module,
+        "_run_declarative_flow_tui",
+        lambda flow, resolved: captured.update(flow=flow, inputs=resolved),
+    )
+    path = _write(tmp_path, REQUIRED_FLOW_YAML)
+
+    run_declarative_flow_module.run_declarative_flow(
+        str(path), '{"prospect_email":"a@b.com"}'
+    )
+
+    assert captured["inputs"] == {"prospect_email": "a@b.com"}
+    assert captured["flow"] is not None
+
+
+def test_run_declarative_flow_tui_failed_exits_nonzero(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    _install_fake_flow_app(monkeypatch, status="failed")
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as exc_info:
+        run_declarative_flow_module._run_declarative_flow_tui(
+            SimpleNamespace(name="Flow"), None
+        )
+
+    assert exc_info.value.code == 1
+
+
+def test_run_declarative_flow_tui_user_quit_exits_130(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    _install_fake_flow_app(monkeypatch, status="chatting")
+    exit_calls: list[int] = []
+    monkeypatch.setattr(os, "_exit", lambda code: exit_calls.append(code))
+
+    run_declarative_flow_module._run_declarative_flow_tui(
+        SimpleNamespace(name="Flow"), None
+    )
+
+    assert exit_calls == [130]
+
+
+def test_run_declarative_flow_tui_chains_deploy(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    _install_fake_flow_app(monkeypatch, status="completed", want_deploy=True)
+    deploy_calls: list[bool] = []
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "crewai_cli.run_crew._chain_deploy", lambda: deploy_calls.append(True)
+    )
+
+    run_declarative_flow_module._run_declarative_flow_tui(
+        SimpleNamespace(name="Flow"), None
+    )
+
+    assert deploy_calls == [True]
+
+
+def test_run_declarative_flow_tui_no_deploy_when_not_requested(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    _install_fake_flow_app(monkeypatch, status="completed", want_deploy=False)
+    deploy_calls: list[bool] = []
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "crewai_cli.run_crew._chain_deploy", lambda: deploy_calls.append(True)
+    )
+
+    run_declarative_flow_module._run_declarative_flow_tui(
+        SimpleNamespace(name="Flow"), None
+    )
+
+    assert deploy_calls == []
+
+
+def test_run_declarative_flow_tui_enables_flow_events(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    # The STEPS panel depends on flow method events; a flow that declared
+    # suppress_flow_events must have it forced off for the interactive TUI run.
+    _install_fake_flow_app(monkeypatch, status="completed")
+    flow = SimpleNamespace(name="Flow", suppress_flow_events=True)
+
+    run_declarative_flow_module._run_declarative_flow_tui(flow, None)
+
+    assert flow.suppress_flow_events is False
+
+
+def test_flow_uses_human_feedback_detection() -> None:
+    hf_flow = SimpleNamespace(
+        _definition=SimpleNamespace(
+            methods={
+                "ask": SimpleNamespace(human_feedback=SimpleNamespace(emit=None)),
+                "plain": SimpleNamespace(human_feedback=None),
+            }
+        )
+    )
+    assert run_declarative_flow_module._flow_uses_human_feedback(hf_flow) is True
+
+    no_hf = SimpleNamespace(
+        _definition=SimpleNamespace(
+            methods={"a": SimpleNamespace(human_feedback=None)}
+        )
+    )
+    assert run_declarative_flow_module._flow_uses_human_feedback(no_hf) is False
+    # No definition → False, no error.
+    assert run_declarative_flow_module._flow_uses_human_feedback(SimpleNamespace()) is False
+
+
+def test_human_feedback_flow_uses_terminal_even_when_interactive(
+    tmp_path: Path, capsys: pytest.CaptureFixture[str], monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch
+) -> None:
+    # A human-feedback flow must run on the terminal (blocking input / Rich
+    # prompts) even in an interactive session, never on the TUI.
+    monkeypatch.setattr(run_declarative_flow_module, "is_interactive", lambda: True)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        run_declarative_flow_module, "_flow_uses_human_feedback", lambda flow: True
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        run_declarative_flow_module,
+        "_run_declarative_flow_tui",
+        lambda *a, **k: pytest.fail("human-feedback flow must run on the terminal"),
+    )
+    path = _write(tmp_path, FLOW_YAML)
+
+    run_declarative_flow_module.run_declarative_flow(str(path), '{"topic":"AI"}')
+
+    assert capsys.readouterr().out == "AI\n"
+
+
+def test_flow_method_types_from_definition() -> None:
+    flow = SimpleNamespace(
+        _definition=SimpleNamespace(
+            methods={
+                "fetch": SimpleNamespace(do=SimpleNamespace(call="expression")),
+                "research": SimpleNamespace(do=SimpleNamespace(call="crew")),
+            }
+        )
+    )
+
+    assert run_declarative_flow_module._flow_method_types(flow) == {
+        "fetch": "expression",
+        "research": "crew",
+    }
+    # No definition → empty map, no error.
+    assert run_declarative_flow_module._flow_method_types(SimpleNamespace()) == {}

lib/crewai/src/crewai/agent/core.py

@@ -86,6 +86,7 @@ from crewai.skills.models import Skill as SkillModel
 from crewai.state.checkpoint_config import CheckpointConfig, apply_checkpoint
 from crewai.tools.agent_tools.agent_tools import AgentTools
 from crewai.types.callback import SerializableCallable
+from crewai.types.usage_metrics import UsageMetrics
 from crewai.utilities.agent_utils import (
     get_tool_names,
     is_inside_event_loop,
@@ -400,10 +401,29 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
         return self.planning_config is not None or self.planning
 
     def _setup_agent_executor(self) -> None:
-        """Initialize the agent executor with a default cache handler."""
-        if not self.cache_handler:
-            self.cache_handler = CacheHandler()
-        self.set_cache_handler(self.cache_handler)
+        """Initialize the agent's tools handler and optional tool cache.
+
+        Tool-result caching is opt-in: a standalone agent gets a cache only
+        when it was constructed with an explicit ``cache=True`` or a
+        ``cache_handler``. Agents inside a crew additionally receive the
+        crew's shared handler when ``Crew(cache=True)``. Without an opt-in,
+        repeated tool calls with identical arguments always re-execute the
+        tool — the safe default for live-data and state-mutating tools.
+        """
+        # Recorded before any crew can offer its shared handler at kickoff,
+        # so copy() can distinguish a construction-time opt-in from runtime
+        # crew wiring (which must not turn copies into cachers).
+        self._constructor_cache_opt_in = bool(
+            self.cache
+            and (self.cache_handler is not None or "cache" in self.model_fields_set)
+        )
+        opted_in = self.cache_handler is not None or (
+            "cache" in self.model_fields_set and self.cache
+        )
+        if opted_in:
+            if not self.cache_handler:
+                self.cache_handler = CacheHandler()
+            self.set_cache_handler(self.cache_handler)
 
     def set_knowledge(self, crew_embedder: EmbedderConfig | None = None) -> None:
         """Initialize knowledge sources with the agent or crew embedder config."""
@@ -1582,9 +1602,18 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
                 crewai_event_bus.emit(self, event=started_event)
                 self._kickoff_event_id = started_event.event_id
 
-            output = self._execute_and_build_output(executor, inputs, response_format)
+            usage_baseline = self._current_usage_summary()
+            output = self._execute_and_build_output(
+                executor, inputs, response_format, usage_baseline
+            )
             return self._finalize_kickoff(
-                output, executor, inputs, response_format, messages, agent_info
+                output,
+                executor,
+                inputs,
+                response_format,
+                messages,
+                agent_info,
+                usage_baseline,
             )
 
         except Exception as e:
@@ -1598,6 +1627,7 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
         response_format: type[Any] | None,
         messages: str | list[LLMMessage],
         agent_info: dict[str, Any],
+        usage_baseline: UsageMetrics | None = None,
     ) -> LiteAgentOutput:
         """Apply guardrails, save to memory, and emit completion event.
 
@@ -1608,6 +1638,8 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
             response_format: Optional response format.
             messages: The original messages.
             agent_info: Agent metadata for events.
+            usage_baseline: Usage snapshot taken at kickoff start, so retries
+                report per-call usage relative to it.
 
         Returns:
             The finalized output.
@@ -1618,6 +1650,7 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
                 executor=executor,
                 inputs=inputs,
                 response_format=response_format,
+                usage_baseline=usage_baseline,
             )
 
         self._save_kickoff_to_memory(messages, output.raw)
@@ -1669,11 +1702,24 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
         except Exception as e:
             self._logger.log("error", f"Failed to save kickoff result to memory: {e}")
 
+    def _current_usage_summary(self) -> UsageMetrics:
+        """Snapshot the cumulative usage counters backing this agent's LLM.
+
+        The counters live on the LLM instance (or the agent's token process
+        for non-BaseLLM models) and grow for the object's lifetime — across
+        calls and across agents sharing the instance. Per-call usage is the
+        delta between two snapshots.
+        """
+        if isinstance(self.llm, BaseLLM):
+            return self.llm.get_token_usage_summary()
+        return self._token_process.get_summary()
+
     def _build_output_from_result(
         self,
         result: dict[str, Any],
         executor: AgentExecutor,
         response_format: type[Any] | None = None,
+        usage_baseline: UsageMetrics | None = None,
     ) -> LiteAgentOutput:
         """Build a LiteAgentOutput from an executor result dict.
 
@@ -1683,6 +1729,9 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
             result: The result dictionary from executor.invoke / invoke_async.
             executor: The executor instance.
             response_format: Optional response format.
+            usage_baseline: Usage snapshot taken at kickoff start. When given,
+                the output carries only this call's usage (the delta) instead
+                of the LLM instance's cumulative lifetime counters.
 
         Returns:
             LiteAgentOutput with raw output, formatted result, and metrics.
@@ -1727,10 +1776,9 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
         else:
             raw_output = str(output) if not isinstance(output, str) else output
 
-        if isinstance(self.llm, BaseLLM):
-            usage_metrics = self.llm.get_token_usage_summary()
-        else:
-            usage_metrics = self._token_process.get_summary()
+        usage_metrics = self._current_usage_summary()
+        if usage_baseline is not None:
+            usage_metrics = usage_metrics.delta_since(usage_baseline)
 
         raw_str = (
             raw_output
@@ -1759,20 +1807,26 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
         executor: AgentExecutor,
         inputs: dict[str, str],
         response_format: type[Any] | None = None,
+        usage_baseline: UsageMetrics | None = None,
     ) -> LiteAgentOutput:
         """Execute the agent synchronously and build the output object."""
         result = cast(dict[str, Any], executor.invoke(inputs))
-        return self._build_output_from_result(result, executor, response_format)
+        return self._build_output_from_result(
+            result, executor, response_format, usage_baseline
+        )
 
     async def _execute_and_build_output_async(
         self,
         executor: AgentExecutor,
         inputs: dict[str, str],
         response_format: type[Any] | None = None,
+        usage_baseline: UsageMetrics | None = None,
     ) -> LiteAgentOutput:
         """Execute the agent asynchronously and build the output object."""
         result = await executor.invoke_async(inputs)
-        return self._build_output_from_result(result, executor, response_format)
+        return self._build_output_from_result(
+            result, executor, response_format, usage_baseline
+        )
 
     def _process_kickoff_guardrail(
         self,
@@ -1781,6 +1835,7 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
         inputs: dict[str, str],
         response_format: type[Any] | None = None,
         retry_count: int = 0,
+        usage_baseline: UsageMetrics | None = None,
     ) -> LiteAgentOutput:
         """Process guardrail for kickoff execution with retry logic.
 
@@ -1790,6 +1845,9 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
             inputs: Input dictionary for re-execution.
             response_format: Optional response format.
             retry_count: Current retry count.
+            usage_baseline: Usage snapshot taken at kickoff start, so a
+                retried output reports the whole call's usage, not just the
+                last attempt's.
 
         Returns:
             Validated/updated output.
@@ -1827,7 +1885,9 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
                 role="user",
             )
 
-            output = self._execute_and_build_output(executor, inputs, response_format)
+            output = self._execute_and_build_output(
+                executor, inputs, response_format, usage_baseline
+            )
 
             return self._process_kickoff_guardrail(
                 output=output,
@@ -1835,6 +1895,7 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
                 inputs=inputs,
                 response_format=response_format,
                 retry_count=retry_count + 1,
+                usage_baseline=usage_baseline,
             )
 
         if guardrail_result.result is not None:
@@ -1897,11 +1958,18 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
                 crewai_event_bus.emit(self, event=started_event)
                 self._kickoff_event_id = started_event.event_id
 
+            usage_baseline = self._current_usage_summary()
             output = await self._execute_and_build_output_async(
-                executor, inputs, response_format
+                executor, inputs, response_format, usage_baseline
             )
             return self._finalize_kickoff(
-                output, executor, inputs, response_format, messages, agent_info
+                output,
+                executor,
+                inputs,
+                response_format,
+                messages,
+                agent_info,
+                usage_baseline,
             )
 
         except Exception as e:

lib/crewai/src/crewai/agents/agent_builder/base_agent.py

@@ -205,7 +205,11 @@ class BaseAgent(BaseModel, ABC, metaclass=AgentMeta):
         role (str): Role of the agent.
         goal (str): Objective of the agent.
         backstory (str): Backstory of the agent.
-        cache (bool): Whether the agent should use a cache for tool usage.
+        cache (bool): Whether the agent participates in tool-result caching
+            when a cache is enabled. The default (True) only permits
+            participation — caching activates when the crew sets cache=True
+            or the agent explicitly opts in with cache=True or a
+            cache_handler; cache=False excludes the agent entirely.
         config (dict[str, Any] | None): Configuration for the agent.
         verbose (bool): Verbose mode for the Agent Execution.
         max_rpm (int | None): Maximum number of requests per minute for the agent execution.
@@ -254,6 +258,7 @@ class BaseAgent(BaseModel, ABC, metaclass=AgentMeta):
     _logger: Logger = PrivateAttr(default_factory=lambda: Logger(verbose=False))
     _rpm_controller: RPMController | None = PrivateAttr(default=None)
     _request_within_rpm_limit: SerializableCallable | None = PrivateAttr(default=None)
+    _constructor_cache_opt_in: bool = PrivateAttr(default=False)
     _original_role: str | None = PrivateAttr(default=None)
     _original_goal: str | None = PrivateAttr(default=None)
     _original_backstory: str | None = PrivateAttr(default=None)
@@ -267,7 +272,14 @@ class BaseAgent(BaseModel, ABC, metaclass=AgentMeta):
         description="Configuration for the agent", default=None, exclude=True
     )
     cache: bool = Field(
-        default=True, description="Whether the agent should use a cache for tool usage."
+        default=True,
+        description=(
+            "Whether the agent participates in tool-result caching when a "
+            "cache is enabled. Caching itself is opt-in: it activates only "
+            "when the crew sets cache=True or the agent explicitly opts in "
+            "(cache=True or a cache_handler at construction). Set False to "
+            "exclude this agent even when the crew enables caching."
+        ),
     )
     verbose: bool = Field(
         default=False, description="Verbose mode for the Agent Execution"
@@ -716,6 +728,19 @@ class BaseAgent(BaseModel, ABC, metaclass=AgentMeta):
 
         copied_data = self.model_dump(exclude=exclude)
         copied_data = {k: v for k, v in copied_data.items() if v is not None}
+        # Tool-result caching distinguishes "explicitly enabled" from the
+        # field default via model_fields_set; don't let the dump turn the
+        # default into an explicit opt-in on the copy. An agent that opted
+        # in at construction via an explicit cache_handler (excluded from
+        # the dump) must stay opted in — carry the consent as cache=True so
+        # the copy wires its own fresh handler. A handler merely offered by
+        # a crew at kickoff is runtime wiring, not consent, and must not
+        # opt the copy in; _constructor_cache_opt_in is recorded before any
+        # crew wiring can happen.
+        if "cache" not in self.model_fields_set:
+            copied_data.pop("cache", None)
+            if self._constructor_cache_opt_in:
+                copied_data["cache"] = True
         return type(self)(
             **copied_data,
             llm=existing_llm,

lib/crewai/src/crewai/crew.py

@@ -168,8 +168,11 @@ class Crew(FlowTrackable, BaseModel):
         manager_agent: Custom agent that will be used as manager.
         memory: Whether the crew should use memory to store memories of it's
             execution.
-        cache: Whether the crew should use a cache to store the results of the
-            tools execution.
+        cache: Whether to cache tool results for the crew's agents. Off by
+            default; when enabled, repeated calls to the same tool with
+            identical arguments reuse the first result without re-executing —
+            avoid enabling for live-data or state-mutating tools unless they
+            gate writes with a cache_function.
         function_calling_llm: The language model that will run the tool calling
             for all the agents.
         process: The process flow that the crew will follow (e.g., sequential,
@@ -216,7 +219,16 @@ class Crew(FlowTrackable, BaseModel):
     _kickoff_event_id: str | None = PrivateAttr(default=None)
 
     name: str | None = Field(default="crew")
-    cache: bool = Field(default=True)
+    cache: bool = Field(
+        default=False,
+        description=(
+            "Whether to cache tool results for the crew's agents. Opt-in: "
+            "when enabled, repeated calls to the same tool with identical "
+            "arguments return the first result without re-executing the "
+            "tool — do not enable for live-data or state-mutating tools "
+            "unless they set a cache_function that prevents caching."
+        ),
+    )
     tasks: list[Task] = Field(default_factory=list)
     agents: Annotated[
         list[BaseAgent],
@@ -1048,8 +1060,9 @@ class Crew(FlowTrackable, BaseModel):
             )
             raise
         finally:
-            if self._memory is not None and hasattr(self._memory, "drain_writes"):
-                self._memory.drain_writes()
+            # Safety net for the exception path; the success path already
+            # drained in _create_crew_output before emitting completion.
+            self._drain_memory_writes()
             clear_files(self.id)
             detach(token)
             crewai_event_bus._exit_runtime_scope(runtime_scope)
@@ -1260,6 +1273,9 @@ class Crew(FlowTrackable, BaseModel):
             )
             raise
         finally:
+            # Safety net for the exception path; the success path already
+            # drained in _create_crew_output before emitting completion.
+            self._drain_memory_writes()
             clear_files(self.id)
             detach(token)
             crewai_event_bus._exit_runtime_scope(runtime_scope)
@@ -1503,6 +1519,11 @@ class Crew(FlowTrackable, BaseModel):
             )
             self.manager_agent = manager
         manager.crew = self
+        # The manager is created outside the agents loop that offers the
+        # crew's cache handler at validation time; offer it here so an
+        # opted-in crew (cache=True) also dedupes the manager's tool calls.
+        if self.cache:
+            manager.set_cache_handler(self._cache_handler)
 
     def _get_execution_start_index(self, tasks: list[Task]) -> int | None:
         if self.checkpoint_kickoff_event_id is None:
@@ -1841,6 +1862,38 @@ class Crew(FlowTrackable, BaseModel):
                 output=output.raw,
             )
 
+    def _drain_memory_writes(self) -> None:
+        """Block until all pending background memory saves have completed.
+
+        Covers the crew memory, per-agent memories, and the manager agent's
+        memory — agents save through ``agent.memory`` when set (see
+        ``BaseAgentExecutor._save_to_memory``), so draining only
+        ``self._memory`` can miss in-flight saves. Scope/slice views are
+        unwrapped to their backing ``Memory`` so each pool is drained once.
+
+        Must run before ``CrewKickoffCompletedEvent`` is emitted: listeners
+        (e.g. telemetry sessions) tear down on that event, and any
+        ``MemorySaveCompletedEvent``/``MemorySaveFailedEvent`` emitted after
+        teardown is lost, leaving the save span orphaned.
+        """
+        seen: set[int] = set()
+        candidates = [
+            self._memory,
+            self.memory,
+            getattr(self.manager_agent, "memory", None),
+            *(getattr(agent, "memory", None) for agent in self.agents),
+        ]
+        for mem in candidates:
+            if mem is None or isinstance(mem, bool):
+                continue
+            backing = getattr(mem, "_memory", None) or mem
+            if id(backing) in seen:
+                continue
+            seen.add(id(backing))
+            drain = getattr(backing, "drain_writes", None)
+            if callable(drain):
+                drain()
+
     def _create_crew_output(self, task_outputs: list[TaskOutput]) -> CrewOutput:
         if not task_outputs:
             raise ValueError("No task outputs available to create crew output.")
@@ -1853,6 +1906,10 @@ class Crew(FlowTrackable, BaseModel):
         final_string_output = final_task_output.raw
         self._finish_execution(final_string_output)
         self.token_usage = self.calculate_usage_metrics()
+        # Ensure background memory saves finish (and emit their
+        # completed/failed events) before the kickoff-completed event below
+        # triggers listener teardown/finalization.
+        self._drain_memory_writes()
         crewai_event_bus.flush()
         crewai_event_bus.emit(
             self,

lib/crewai/src/crewai/crews/crew_output.py

@@ -24,9 +24,23 @@ class CrewOutput(BaseModel):
         description="Output of each task", default_factory=list
     )
     token_usage: UsageMetrics = Field(
-        description="Processed token summary", default_factory=UsageMetrics
+        description=(
+            "Processed token summary; ``usage_metrics`` exposes the same "
+            "data as a plain dict"
+        ),
+        default_factory=UsageMetrics,
     )
 
+    @property
+    def usage_metrics(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Token usage as a plain dict.
+
+        Same attribute name and shape as ``LiteAgentOutput.usage_metrics``
+        (the ``Agent.kickoff()`` result), so a usage accessor written for one
+        result type works on both.
+        """
+        return self.token_usage.model_dump()
+
     @property
     def json(self) -> str | None:  # type: ignore[override]
         if self.tasks_output[-1].output_format != OutputFormat.JSON:

lib/crewai/src/crewai/events/utils/console_formatter.py

@@ -211,6 +211,13 @@ To enable tracing, do any one of these:
         """Print a panel with consistent formatting if verbose is enabled."""
         panel = self.create_panel(content, title, style)
         if is_flow:
+            # A TUI (e.g. the CLI's CrewRunApp) owns the screen and renders flow
+            # progress in its own STEPS panel; emitting Rich panels here would
+            # interleave with and corrupt the TUI, so suppress them in TUI mode.
+            from crewai.events.listeners.tracing.utils import is_tui_mode
+
+            if is_tui_mode():
+                return
             self.print(panel)
             self.print()
         else:

lib/crewai/src/crewai/experimental/conversational_mixin.py

@@ -133,6 +133,8 @@ class _ConversationalMixin:
         _pending_user_message: str | dict[str, Any] | None
         _pending_intents: Sequence[str] | None
         _pending_intent_llm: str | BaseLLM | None
+        _turn_classified_intent: str | None
+        _assistant_reply_appended: bool
 
         def _clear_or_listeners(self) -> None:
             pass
@@ -185,12 +187,22 @@ class _ConversationalMixin:
             )
             return configured_route
 
-        if state.last_intent:
+        turn_intent = self._turn_classified_intent
+        if turn_intent:
+            state.last_intent = turn_intent
             self._emit_conversation_route_selected(
-                state.last_intent,
+                turn_intent,
                 previous_intent=previous_intent,
             )
-            return state.last_intent
+            return turn_intent
+
+        if previous_intent:
+            logger.debug(
+                "route_turn() returned no route and no intent was classified "
+                "this turn; ignoring stale last_intent=%r from a previous turn "
+                "and falling back to built-in routing",
+                previous_intent,
+            )
 
         if self.can_answer_from_history(context):
             state.last_intent = "answer_from_history"
@@ -310,11 +322,11 @@ class _ConversationalMixin:
             if "from_checkpoint" not in kickoff_kwargs:
                 self._reset_turn_execution_state()
 
-            assistant_count = self._assistant_message_count()
+            object.__setattr__(self, "_assistant_reply_appended", False)
             result = self.kickoff(inputs={"id": sid}, **kickoff_kwargs)
             if (
                 result is not None
-                and self._assistant_message_count() == assistant_count
+                and not self._assistant_reply_appended
                 and self._is_public_turn_result(result)
             ):
                 self.append_assistant_message(self._stringify_result(result))
@@ -387,7 +399,7 @@ class _ConversationalMixin:
                 if "from_checkpoint" not in kickoff_kwargs:
                     self._reset_turn_execution_state()
 
-                assistant_count = self._assistant_message_count()
+                object.__setattr__(self, "_assistant_reply_appended", False)
                 original_stream = bool(getattr(self, "stream", False))
                 original_streaming_turn = getattr(
                     self, "_streaming_conversation_turn", False
@@ -403,7 +415,7 @@ class _ConversationalMixin:
                     )
                 if (
                     result is not None
-                    and self._assistant_message_count() == assistant_count
+                    and not self._assistant_reply_appended
                     and self._is_public_turn_result(result)
                 ):
                     self.append_assistant_message(self._stringify_result(result))
@@ -550,6 +562,11 @@ class _ConversationalMixin:
         supply per-route descriptions, or change the default/fallback intent.
         Override this method to bypass the LLM router entirely (e.g.,
         permission gates before the LLM decision).
+
+        Returning a falsy value means "no routing decision": the turn falls
+        through to the built-in defaults (``answer_from_history`` when
+        configured, else ``converse``). It never replays a previous turn's
+        intent.
         """
         config = self._conversation_config
         if config is None:
@@ -618,6 +635,9 @@ class _ConversationalMixin:
         metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Append a final user-visible assistant message."""
+        # Explicit signal for handle_turn's "did the handler reply?" check.
+        # A count heuristic breaks when handlers trim history mid-turn.
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_assistant_reply_appended", True)
         state = cast(ConversationState, self.state)
         state.messages.append(
             ConversationMessage(
@@ -722,6 +742,7 @@ class _ConversationalMixin:
                     context=self.conversation_messages,
                 )
                 state.last_intent = intent
+                object.__setattr__(self, "_turn_classified_intent", intent)
                 return intent
             return text
 
@@ -788,6 +809,10 @@ class _ConversationalMixin:
             object.__setattr__(self, "_pending_intent_llm", None)
         if not hasattr(self, "_streaming_conversation_turn"):
             object.__setattr__(self, "_streaming_conversation_turn", False)
+        if not hasattr(self, "_turn_classified_intent"):
+            object.__setattr__(self, "_turn_classified_intent", None)
+        if not hasattr(self, "_assistant_reply_appended"):
+            object.__setattr__(self, "_assistant_reply_appended", False)
 
     def _create_default_extension_state(self) -> ConversationState | None:
         initial_state_t = getattr(self, "_initial_state_t", None)
@@ -852,6 +877,7 @@ class _ConversationalMixin:
         self._method_call_counts.clear()
         self._clear_or_listeners()
         self._is_execution_resuming = False
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_turn_classified_intent", None)
 
     def _apply_pending_conversational_turn(self) -> None:
         """Drain the stashed user message + classify if intents configured.
@@ -859,6 +885,7 @@ class _ConversationalMixin:
         Called from ``Flow.kickoff_async`` AFTER persist state restore so
         the appended message survives ``self.persistence.load_state(...)``.
         """
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_turn_classified_intent", None)
         if self._pending_user_message is None:
             return
 
@@ -1107,10 +1134,6 @@ class _ConversationalMixin:
             return "public"
         return "private"
 
-    def _assistant_message_count(self) -> int:
-        state = cast(ConversationState, self.state)
-        return sum(1 for message in state.messages if message.role == "assistant")
-
     def _is_public_turn_result(self, result: Any) -> bool:
         if not isinstance(result, str):
             return False
@@ -1190,6 +1213,15 @@ class _ConversationalMixin:
         )
         from crewai.events.types.flow_events import FlowFinishedEvent
 
+        # Background memory saves must finish (and emit their completed/failed
+        # events) before the session-end flow_finished / batch finalization
+        # below tears down listeners, mirroring the non-deferred kickoff path.
+        # The flush then waits for those events' async bus handlers.
+        drain_memory_writes = getattr(self, "_drain_memory_writes", None)
+        if callable(drain_memory_writes):
+            drain_memory_writes()
+        crewai_event_bus.flush()
+
         # Only emit the session-end event when a deferred flow_started is
         # actually pending. ``_deferred_flow_started_event_id`` is set only by
         # deferred kickoffs; when finalization was not deferred, each per-turn

lib/crewai/src/crewai/flow/expressions.py

@@ -11,9 +11,6 @@ from crewai.utilities.serialization import to_serializable
 
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from celpy.celtypes import StringType
-    from celpy.evaluation import CELFunction
-
     from crewai.flow.runtime import Flow
 else:
     from typing_extensions import TypeAliasType
@@ -24,29 +21,6 @@ _CEL_MACROS_WITH_LOCAL_BINDINGS = frozenset(
 )
 
 
-def _handle_text_custom_expression(
-    root: Any, path: Any, default: Any = ""
-) -> StringType:
-    from celpy.celtypes import StringType
-
-    fallback = StringType("" if default is None else str(default))
-    current = root
-    for part in str(path).split("."):
-        if current is None:
-            return fallback
-        try:
-            if isinstance(current, list):
-                current = current[int(part)]
-            else:
-                current = current[StringType(part)]
-        except (KeyError, IndexError, TypeError, ValueError):
-            return fallback
-
-    if current is None:
-        return fallback
-    return StringType(_stringify_cel_value(current))
-
-
 def _stringify_cel_value(value: Any) -> str:
     from celpy.adapter import CELJSONEncoder
 
@@ -98,21 +72,18 @@ def _parse_template_segments(value: str) -> tuple[str | _ExpressionSegment, ...]
     return tuple(segments)
 
 
-_EXPRESSION_FUNCTIONS: dict[str, CELFunction] = {
-    "text": _handle_text_custom_expression,
-}
-
 FLOW_TEMPLATE_EXPRESSION_RULES: tuple[str, ...] = (
     "Use `${...}` inside action mapping strings to read Flow data with CEL. "
     "Example value: `Ticket: ${state.ticket_id}`.",
     "Use `state` for input data. Use `outputs.step_name` for a completed "
     "method result.",
+    "In action mapping strings, keep literal text outside `${...}` and "
+    "interpolate each Flow value directly. Write `Ticket: ${state.ticket_id}`; "
+    "do not assemble the string with CEL `+`.",
     "If a value is only one `${...}` expression, the result keeps its type. "
     "Use this for numbers, booleans, objects, and lists.",
     "If the string has other text, the final value is text. Non-text values "
     "become JSON. `null` becomes empty text.",
-    'Use `text(root, "path", "default")` for values that may be missing '
-    'or null. The default is optional and is `""`.',
 )
 FLOW_TEMPLATE_EXPRESSION_CONTRACT = " ".join(FLOW_TEMPLATE_EXPRESSION_RULES)
 FLOW_TEMPLATE_EXPRESSION_EXAMPLES: dict[str, tuple[dict[str, str], ...]] = {
@@ -125,10 +96,6 @@ FLOW_TEMPLATE_EXPRESSION_EXAMPLES: dict[str, tuple[dict[str, str], ...]] = {
             "title": "Keep a list or number type",
             "code": 'domains: "${state.domains}"\nlimit: "${state.limit}"',
         },
-        {
-            "title": "Use a default for missing text",
-            "code": 'input: "Ticket ${text(state, \\"ticket.id\\", \\"unknown\\")}"',
-        },
     ),
     "json": (
         {
@@ -141,14 +108,6 @@ FLOW_TEMPLATE_EXPRESSION_EXAMPLES: dict[str, tuple[dict[str, str], ...]] = {
                 '{\n  "domains": "${state.domains}",\n  "limit": "${state.limit}"\n}'
             ),
         },
-        {
-            "title": "Use a default for missing text",
-            "code": (
-                "{\n"
-                '  "input": "Ticket ${text(state, \\"ticket.id\\", \\"unknown\\")}"\n'
-                "}"
-            ),
-        },
     ),
 }
 
@@ -374,8 +333,7 @@ class Expression:
 
             environment = Environment()
             program = environment.program(
-                Expression._compile_cel(expression, environment=environment),
-                functions=_EXPRESSION_FUNCTIONS,
+                Expression._compile_cel(expression, environment=environment)
             )
             result = program.evaluate(cast(Context, json_to_cel(context)))
             return json.loads(json.dumps(result, cls=CELJSONEncoder))

lib/crewai/src/crewai/flow/runtime/__init__.py

@@ -956,6 +956,22 @@ class Flow(BaseModel, Generic[T], metaclass=FlowMeta):
             return self.memory.remember_many(content, **kwargs)
         return self.memory.remember(content, **kwargs)
 
+    def _drain_memory_writes(self) -> None:
+        """Block until pending background memory saves for this flow finish.
+
+        Must run before ``FlowFinishedEvent`` is emitted: listeners (e.g.
+        telemetry sessions) tear down on that event, and any
+        ``MemorySaveCompletedEvent``/``MemorySaveFailedEvent`` emitted after
+        teardown is lost, leaving the save span orphaned.
+        """
+        mem = self.memory
+        if mem is None:
+            return
+        backing = getattr(mem, "_memory", None) or mem
+        drain = getattr(backing, "drain_writes", None)
+        if callable(drain):
+            drain()
+
     def extract_memories(self, content: str) -> list[str]:
         """Extract discrete memories from content. Delegates to this flow's memory.
 
@@ -1474,6 +1490,14 @@ class Flow(BaseModel, Generic[T], metaclass=FlowMeta):
             not self.suppress_flow_events
             and not self._should_defer_trace_finalization()
         ):
+            # Background memory saves must finish (and emit their
+            # completed/failed events) before flow-finished triggers
+            # listener teardown/finalization; the flush then waits for those
+            # events' async handlers, mirroring Crew._create_crew_output.
+            # Offloaded to a thread so the blocking waits don't stall other
+            # coroutines on the loop.
+            await asyncio.to_thread(self._drain_memory_writes)
+            await asyncio.to_thread(crewai_event_bus.flush)
             future = crewai_event_bus.emit(
                 self,
                 FlowFinishedEvent(
@@ -2285,6 +2309,14 @@ class Flow(BaseModel, Generic[T], metaclass=FlowMeta):
             # flag is read from either the instance attribute or an extension
             # definition.
             if not self._should_defer_trace_finalization():
+                # Background memory saves must finish (and emit their
+                # completed/failed events) before flow-finished triggers
+                # listener teardown/finalization; the flush then waits for
+                # those events' async handlers, mirroring
+                # Crew._create_crew_output. Offloaded to a thread so the
+                # blocking waits don't stall other coroutines on the loop.
+                await asyncio.to_thread(self._drain_memory_writes)
+                await asyncio.to_thread(crewai_event_bus.flush)
                 future = crewai_event_bus.emit(
                     self,
                     FlowFinishedEvent(
@@ -2317,9 +2349,9 @@ class Flow(BaseModel, Generic[T], metaclass=FlowMeta):
 
             return final_output
         finally:
-            # Ensure all background memory saves complete before returning
-            if self.memory is not None and hasattr(self.memory, "drain_writes"):
-                self.memory.drain_writes()
+            # Safety net for the exception path; the success path already
+            # drained before emitting FlowFinishedEvent.
+            self._drain_memory_writes()
             # Drain pending LLMCallCompletedEvent handlers before
             # detaching so `flow.usage_metrics` reflects every call
             # emitted during this kickoff — mirrors `Crew.kickoff()`,

lib/crewai/src/crewai/flow/skill.py

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ from jinja2 import Environment, FileSystemLoader
 import yaml
 
 from crewai.flow.expressions import (
-    FLOW_TEMPLATE_EXPRESSION_CONTRACT,
     FLOW_TEMPLATE_EXPRESSION_EXAMPLES,
     FLOW_TEMPLATE_EXPRESSION_RULES,
 )
@@ -186,7 +185,14 @@ MODEL_SPECS: tuple[ModelSpec, ...] = (
         hidden=True,
     ),
     ModelSpec("FlowScriptActionDefinition", "Action", "methods.<name>.do[call=script]"),
-    ModelSpec("FlowToolActionDefinition", "Action", "methods.<name>.do[call=tool]"),
+    ModelSpec(
+        "FlowToolActionDefinition",
+        "Action",
+        "methods.<name>.do[call=tool]",
+        descriptions={
+            "with": "Tool input arguments. Insert Flow values with `${...}`.",
+        },
+    ),
     ModelSpec(
         "FlowCrewActionDefinition",
         "Action",
@@ -194,7 +200,7 @@ MODEL_SPECS: tuple[ModelSpec, ...] = (
         examples=True,
         descriptions={
             "call": "Action discriminator. Use crew to run an inline Crew definition.",
-            "inputs": f"Actual kickoff inputs passed to the Crew. {FLOW_TEMPLATE_EXPRESSION_CONTRACT} The evaluated values are available to crew agent and task interpolation as `{{name}}` placeholders; reference each input the crew needs in agent or task text.",
+            "inputs": "Runtime inputs passed to the Crew. Insert Flow values with `${...}` and reference each input as `{name}` in agent or task text.",
         },
     ),
     ModelSpec(
@@ -262,7 +268,7 @@ MODEL_SPECS: tuple[ModelSpec, ...] = (
         hidden=True,
         examples=True,
         descriptions={
-            "input": f"Input passed to the individual agent kickoff outside of a crew. Use one string. {FLOW_TEMPLATE_EXPRESSION_CONTRACT} When an agent needs multiple fields, write one string with labels and separators, for example `Ticket ID: ${{state.ticket_id}}; Message: ${{state.message}}`.",
+            "input": "Agent prompt template. Insert Flow values with `${...}`, for example `Ticket: ${state.ticket_id}`.",
             "llm": "Language model that runs this agent. Use an object when setting LLM options such as `max_tokens`.",
             "planning_config": "Agent planning configuration. Set `max_attempts` to limit planning refinement attempts before task execution.",
         },

lib/crewai/src/crewai/flow/templates/flow_definition_skill.md.j2

@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ Pick the simplest action that does the job.
 - Use `call: tool` for packaged deterministic work: API calls, searches, lookups, scoring, file work, or custom CrewAI tools.
 {% endif %}
 - Use `call: agent` for one AI worker that classifies, decides, summarizes, writes, or drafts. Put `role`, `goal`, `backstory`, and `input` under `with`. Do not add an action-level `inputs` map to an agent.
+- Repository-backed agents may set `from_repository` and omit inline `role`, `goal`, and `backstory`. Explicitly provided fields override repository values.
 - Use `call: crew` for coordinated AI work with multiple agents or tasks. Define the crew under `with`. Pass runtime values with the action-level `inputs` map.
 {% if include_each_action %}
 - Use `call: each` when the same ordered mini-pipeline must run once per item. Give every step a `name`.
@@ -137,6 +138,7 @@ Dynamic value rules:
 - Do not use fields outside the declaration schema{% if include_tool_action %} or tool refs shown here{% endif %}.
 - Do not put more than one action under a method's `do`.
 - Do not make `do` a list.
+- Do not use CEL `+` to build text in action mappings. Keep the text literal and insert each dynamic value with `${...}`.
 - Do not reference `outputs.some_method` before `some_method` can run.
 - Do not set a method's `listen` to its own method name.
 - Do not use the same string for an emitted event and a method name unless the user asks for it.

lib/crewai/src/crewai/lite_agent_output.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ from typing import Any
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
+from crewai.types.usage_metrics import UsageMetrics
 from crewai.utilities.planning_types import TodoItem
 from crewai.utilities.types import LLMMessage
 
@@ -38,7 +39,13 @@ class LiteAgentOutput(BaseModel):
     )
     agent_role: str = Field(description="Role of the agent that produced this output")
     usage_metrics: dict[str, Any] | None = Field(
-        description="Token usage metrics for this execution", default=None
+        description=(
+            "Token usage for this kickoff call only (guardrail retries "
+            "included), not the LLM instance's cumulative totals, as a "
+            "plain dict; ``token_usage`` exposes the same data as a "
+            "UsageMetrics object"
+        ),
+        default=None,
     )
     messages: list[LLMMessage] = Field(
         description="Messages of the agent", default_factory=list
@@ -86,6 +93,19 @@ class LiteAgentOutput(BaseModel):
             return self.pydantic.model_dump()
         return {}
 
+    @property
+    def token_usage(self) -> UsageMetrics:
+        """Token usage as a ``UsageMetrics`` object.
+
+        Same attribute name and type as ``CrewOutput.token_usage``, so a
+        usage accessor written for one result type works on both. Returns
+        zeroed metrics when no usage was captured (``usage_metrics`` is
+        ``None``).
+        """
+        if not self.usage_metrics:
+            return UsageMetrics()
+        return UsageMetrics.model_validate(self.usage_metrics)
+
     @property
     def completed_todos(self) -> list[TodoExecutionResult]:
         """Get only the completed todos."""

lib/crewai/src/crewai/llm.py

@@ -394,19 +394,35 @@ class LLM(BaseLLM):
         """Factory method that routes to native SDK or falls back to LiteLLM.
 
         Routing priority:
-            1. If 'provider' kwarg is present, use that provider with constants
-            2. If only 'model' kwarg, use constants to infer provider
-            3. If "/" in model name:
+            1. If ``custom_openai=True``, force the native OpenAI provider,
+               overriding any explicit provider. A custom endpoint is required.
+            2. If ``provider`` is present, use that provider.
+            3. If "/" is in the model name:
                - Check if prefix is a native provider (openai/anthropic/azure/bedrock/gemini)
                - If yes, validate model against constants
                - If valid, route to native SDK; otherwise route to LiteLLM
+            4. Otherwise, infer the provider from the model name.
         """
         if not model or not isinstance(model, str):
             raise ValueError("Model must be a non-empty string")
 
+        custom_openai = bool(kwargs.pop("custom_openai", False))
+        custom_openai_route = custom_openai
         explicit_provider = kwargs.get("provider")
 
-        if explicit_provider:
+        if custom_openai:
+            if not cls._has_custom_openai_endpoint(kwargs):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "custom_openai=True requires base_url, api_base, "
+                    "OPENAI_BASE_URL, or OPENAI_API_BASE"
+                )
+            provider = "openai"
+            use_native = True
+            prefix, separator, model_part = model.partition("/")
+            model_string = (
+                model_part if separator and prefix.lower() == "openai" else model
+            )
+        elif explicit_provider:
             provider = explicit_provider
             use_native = True
             model_string = model
@@ -435,9 +451,17 @@ class LLM(BaseLLM):
 
             canonical_provider = provider_mapping.get(prefix.lower())
 
-            if canonical_provider and cls._validate_model_in_constants(
-                model_part, canonical_provider
-            ):
+            valid_native_model = bool(
+                canonical_provider
+                and cls._validate_model_in_constants(model_part, canonical_provider)
+            )
+            custom_openai_route = bool(
+                canonical_provider == "openai"
+                and not valid_native_model
+                and cls._has_custom_openai_base_url(kwargs)
+            )
+
+            if canonical_provider and (valid_native_model or custom_openai_route):
                 provider = canonical_provider
                 use_native = True
                 model_string = model_part
@@ -455,6 +479,8 @@ class LLM(BaseLLM):
             try:
                 # Remove 'provider' from kwargs if it exists to avoid duplicate keyword argument
                 kwargs_copy = {k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if k != "provider"}
+                if custom_openai_route:
+                    kwargs_copy["custom_openai"] = True
                 return cast(
                     Self,
                     native_class(model=model_string, provider=provider, **kwargs_copy),
@@ -590,6 +616,20 @@ class LLM(BaseLLM):
 
         return cls._matches_provider_pattern(model, provider)
 
+    @staticmethod
+    def _has_custom_openai_base_url(kwargs: dict[str, Any]) -> bool:
+        """Return whether this call explicitly configures a custom endpoint."""
+        return bool(kwargs.get("base_url") or kwargs.get("api_base"))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _has_custom_openai_endpoint(cls, kwargs: dict[str, Any]) -> bool:
+        """Return whether a custom endpoint is configured explicitly or by env."""
+        return bool(
+            cls._has_custom_openai_base_url(kwargs)
+            or os.getenv("OPENAI_BASE_URL")
+            or os.getenv("OPENAI_API_BASE")
+        )
+
     @classmethod
     def _infer_provider_from_model(cls, model: str) -> str:
         """Infer the provider from the model name.

lib/crewai/src/crewai/llms/base_llm.py

@@ -966,8 +966,15 @@ class BaseLLM(BaseModel, ABC):
     def get_token_usage_summary(self) -> UsageMetrics:
         """Get summary of token usage for this LLM instance.
 
+        The counters are cumulative for the lifetime of this instance: they
+        grow across every call made through it, including calls issued by
+        different agents sharing the instance. For usage scoped to a single
+        call, snapshot before and after and use
+        ``UsageMetrics.delta_since`` (agent kickoff results already report
+        per-call usage this way).
+
         Returns:
-            Dictionary with token usage totals
+            UsageMetrics with this instance's lifetime token usage totals.
         """
         return UsageMetrics(**self._token_usage)
 

lib/crewai/src/crewai/llms/providers/openai/completion.py

@@ -232,6 +232,7 @@ class OpenAICompletion(BaseLLM):
     auto_chain: bool = False
     auto_chain_reasoning: bool = False
     api_base: str | None = None
+    custom_openai: bool = False
     is_o1_model: bool = False
     is_gpt4_model: bool = False
 
@@ -245,6 +246,20 @@ class OpenAICompletion(BaseLLM):
     def _normalize_openai_fields(cls, data: Any) -> Any:
         if not isinstance(data, dict):
             return data
+        if data.get("custom_openai"):
+            custom_base_url = (
+                data.get("base_url")
+                or data.get("api_base")
+                or os.getenv("OPENAI_BASE_URL")
+                or os.getenv("OPENAI_API_BASE")
+            )
+            if not custom_base_url:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "custom_openai=True requires base_url, api_base, "
+                    "OPENAI_BASE_URL, or OPENAI_API_BASE"
+                )
+            if not data.get("base_url") and not data.get("api_base"):
+                data["base_url"] = custom_base_url
         if not data.get("provider"):
             data["provider"] = "openai"
         data["api_key"] = data.get("api_key") or os.getenv("OPENAI_API_KEY")
@@ -355,6 +370,15 @@ class OpenAICompletion(BaseLLM):
             config["seed"] = self.seed
         if self.reasoning_effort is not None:
             config["reasoning_effort"] = self.reasoning_effort
+        if self.custom_openai:
+            config["model"] = self.model
+            config["custom_openai"] = True
+            config["base_url"] = (
+                self.base_url
+                or self.api_base
+                or os.getenv("OPENAI_BASE_URL")
+                or os.getenv("OPENAI_API_BASE")
+            )
         return config
 
     def _get_client_params(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
@@ -372,6 +396,7 @@ class OpenAICompletion(BaseLLM):
             "base_url": self.base_url
             or self.api_base
             or os.getenv("OPENAI_BASE_URL")
+            or os.getenv("OPENAI_API_BASE")
             or None,
             "timeout": self.timeout,
             "max_retries": self.max_retries,

lib/crewai/src/crewai/tools/base_tool.py

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import asyncio
 from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable
 import importlib
 from inspect import Parameter, signature
-import json
 import threading
 from typing import (
     Any,
@@ -37,9 +36,9 @@ from crewai.tools.structured_tool import (
     _infer_result_schema_from_callable,
     _serialize_schema,
     build_schema_hint,
+    format_description_for_llm,
 )
 from crewai.types.callback import SerializableCallable, _resolve_dotted_path
-from crewai.utilities.pydantic_schema_utils import generate_model_description
 from crewai.utilities.string_utils import sanitize_tool_name
 
 
@@ -479,15 +478,27 @@ class BaseTool(BaseModel, ABC):
                 f"{self.__class__.__name__}Schema", **fields
             )
 
+    @property
+    def formatted_description(self) -> str:
+        """LLM-facing composite of name, argument schema, and description.
+
+        Use this when rendering the tool into a prompt; ``description``
+        holds only the authored text.
+        """
+        return format_description_for_llm(self.name, self.args_schema, self.description)
+
     def _generate_description(self) -> None:
-        """Generate the tool description with a JSON schema for arguments."""
-        schema = generate_model_description(self.args_schema)
-        args_json = json.dumps(schema["json_schema"]["schema"], indent=2)
-        self.description = (
-            f"Tool Name: {sanitize_tool_name(self.name)}\n"
-            f"Tool Arguments: {args_json}\n"
-            f"Tool Description: {self.description}"
-        )
+        """Deprecated hook kept for backward compatibility; does nothing.
+
+        Historically this rewrote the public ``description`` field at
+        construction time into the LLM-facing composite (``Tool Name: …\\n
+        Tool Arguments: …\\nTool Description: <authored>``). The authored
+        ``description`` is now preserved as written and the composite is
+        exposed separately via :attr:`formatted_description`.
+
+        ``model_post_init`` still calls this so subclasses that override it
+        (e.g. adapters that customize the composite) keep working.
+        """
 
 
 _BASE_TOOL_CLS = BaseTool

lib/crewai/src/crewai/tools/structured_tool.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import asyncio
 from collections.abc import Callable
 import inspect
 import json
+import re
 import textwrap
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Annotated, Any, cast, get_type_hints
 import warnings
@@ -21,7 +22,10 @@ from pydantic import (
 from typing_extensions import Self
 
 from crewai.utilities.logger import Logger
-from crewai.utilities.pydantic_schema_utils import create_model_from_schema
+from crewai.utilities.pydantic_schema_utils import (
+    create_model_from_schema,
+    generate_model_description,
+)
 from crewai.utilities.string_utils import sanitize_tool_name
 
 
@@ -108,6 +112,70 @@ def build_schema_hint(args_schema: type[BaseModel]) -> str:
         return ""
 
 
+# Matches a description that IS a pre-composed LLM block (as written by
+# older versions into the field, and by adapters that still bake it in).
+# Anchored to the full three-line shape so authored prose that merely
+# mentions "Tool Description:" is never mistaken for a composite. Greedy
+# ``.*`` keeps only the text after the LAST marker, matching the historical
+# split behavior for nested pre-baked blocks.
+_COMPOSITE_DESCRIPTION_RE = re.compile(
+    r"^Tool Name:.*\nTool Arguments:.*\nTool Description:\s*",
+    re.DOTALL,
+)
+
+
+def strip_composite_description_prefix(description: str) -> str:
+    """Return the authored text from a pre-composed LLM description block.
+
+    Descriptions that don't start with the composite shape are returned
+    unchanged.
+    """
+    match = _COMPOSITE_DESCRIPTION_RE.match(description)
+    if match:
+        return description[match.end() :]
+    return description
+
+
+def format_description_for_llm(
+    name: str,
+    args_schema: type[BaseModel] | None,
+    description: str,
+) -> str:
+    """Compose the LLM-facing tool description.
+
+    Combines the tool name, its argument JSON schema, and the authored
+    description into the prompt block agents see. The authored
+    ``description`` field itself is never mutated — prompt rendering calls
+    this on demand.
+
+    Idempotent: if ``description`` already *is* a composed block (e.g. a
+    tool deserialized from a checkpoint written by an older version, or an
+    adapter that bakes the composite into the field), only the authored
+    text after the marker is used. The check is anchored to the composite
+    shape, so authored prose that merely mentions ``"Tool Description:"``
+    passes through untouched.
+
+    Args:
+        name: The tool name (sanitized for the prompt).
+        args_schema: The tool's argument schema, if any.
+        description: The authored tool description.
+
+    Returns:
+        The composed, LLM-facing description block.
+    """
+    description = strip_composite_description_prefix(description)
+    if args_schema is not None:
+        schema = generate_model_description(args_schema)
+        args_json = json.dumps(schema["json_schema"]["schema"], indent=2)
+    else:
+        args_json = "{}"
+    return (
+        f"Tool Name: {sanitize_tool_name(name)}\n"
+        f"Tool Arguments: {args_json}\n"
+        f"Tool Description: {description}"
+    )
+
+
 class ToolUsageLimitExceededError(Exception):
     """Exception raised when a tool has reached its maximum usage limit."""
 
@@ -141,6 +209,15 @@ class CrewStructuredTool(BaseModel):
     _logger: Logger = PrivateAttr(default_factory=Logger)
     _original_tool: Any = PrivateAttr(default=None)
 
+    @property
+    def formatted_description(self) -> str:
+        """LLM-facing composite of name, argument schema, and description.
+
+        Use this when rendering the tool into a prompt; ``description``
+        holds only the authored text.
+        """
+        return format_description_for_llm(self.name, self.args_schema, self.description)
+
     @model_validator(mode="after")
     def _validate_func(self) -> Self:
         if self.func is not None:

lib/crewai/src/crewai/tools/tool_usage.py

@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ class ToolUsage:
                         ).format(
                             error=e,
                             tool=sanitize_tool_name(tool.name),
-                            tool_inputs=tool.description,
+                            tool_inputs=tool.formatted_description,
                         )
                         result = ToolUsageError(
                             f"\n{error_message}.\nMoving on then. {I18N_DEFAULT.slice('format').format(tool_names=self.tools_names)}"
@@ -670,7 +670,7 @@ class ToolUsage:
                         ).format(
                             error=e,
                             tool=sanitize_tool_name(tool.name),
-                            tool_inputs=tool.description,
+                            tool_inputs=tool.formatted_description,
                         )
                         result = ToolUsageError(
                             f"\n{error_message}.\nMoving on then. {I18N_DEFAULT.slice('format').format(tool_names=self.tools_names)}"
@@ -803,7 +803,7 @@ class ToolUsage:
 
     def _render(self) -> str:
         """Render the tool name and description in plain text."""
-        descriptions = [tool.description for tool in self.tools]
+        descriptions = [tool.formatted_description for tool in self.tools]
         return "\n--\n".join(descriptions)
 
     def _function_calling(

lib/crewai/src/crewai/types/usage_metrics.py

@@ -76,6 +76,38 @@ class UsageMetrics(BaseModel):
         self.cache_creation_tokens += usage_metrics.cache_creation_tokens
         self.successful_requests += usage_metrics.successful_requests
 
+    def delta_since(self, baseline: Self) -> Self:
+        """Return the per-call usage accrued since ``baseline`` was captured.
+
+        Both objects must come from the same monotonically increasing
+        accumulator (e.g. an LLM instance's lifetime counters). Differences
+        are clamped at zero so a reset accumulator can't produce negative
+        usage.
+
+        Args:
+            baseline: A snapshot of the same accumulator taken earlier.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new UsageMetrics with the field-wise difference.
+        """
+        return type(self)(
+            total_tokens=max(0, self.total_tokens - baseline.total_tokens),
+            prompt_tokens=max(0, self.prompt_tokens - baseline.prompt_tokens),
+            cached_prompt_tokens=max(
+                0, self.cached_prompt_tokens - baseline.cached_prompt_tokens
+            ),
+            completion_tokens=max(
+                0, self.completion_tokens - baseline.completion_tokens
+            ),
+            reasoning_tokens=max(0, self.reasoning_tokens - baseline.reasoning_tokens),
+            cache_creation_tokens=max(
+                0, self.cache_creation_tokens - baseline.cache_creation_tokens
+            ),
+            successful_requests=max(
+                0, self.successful_requests - baseline.successful_requests
+            ),
+        )
+
     @classmethod
     def from_provider_dict(cls, usage_data: dict[str, Any] | None) -> Self | None:
         """Normalize a provider's raw usage dict into a ``UsageMetrics``.

lib/crewai/src/crewai/utilities/agent_utils.py

@@ -27,7 +27,10 @@ from crewai.agents.parser import (
 from crewai.llms.base_llm import BaseLLM, call_stop_override
 from crewai.tools import BaseTool as CrewAITool
 from crewai.tools.base_tool import BaseTool
-from crewai.tools.structured_tool import CrewStructuredTool
+from crewai.tools.structured_tool import (
+    CrewStructuredTool,
+    strip_composite_description_prefix,
+)
 from crewai.tools.tool_types import ToolResult
 from crewai.utilities.errors import AgentRepositoryError
 from crewai.utilities.exceptions.context_window_exceeding_exception import (
@@ -147,7 +150,14 @@ def render_text_description_and_args(
     Returns:
         Plain text description of tools.
     """
-    tool_strings = [tool.description for tool in tools]
+    # Fall back to the raw description for duck-typed tools (including test
+    # mocks) that don't provide a real formatted_description string.
+    tool_strings = [
+        formatted
+        if isinstance((formatted := getattr(tool, "formatted_description", None)), str)
+        else tool.description
+        for tool in tools
+    ]
     return "\n".join(tool_strings)
 
 
@@ -190,10 +200,10 @@ def convert_tools_to_openai_schema(
             except Exception:
                 parameters = {}
 
-        # BaseTool formats description as "Tool Name: ...\nTool Arguments: ...\nTool Description: {original}"
-        description = tool.description
-        if "Tool Description:" in description:
-            description = description.split("Tool Description:")[-1].strip()
+        # Old checkpoints and some adapters bake the composed LLM block
+        # ("Tool Name: ...\nTool Arguments: ...\nTool Description: {authored}")
+        # into the description field; keep only the authored text here.
+        description = strip_composite_description_prefix(tool.description)
 
         sanitized_name = sanitize_tool_name(tool.name)
 

lib/crewai/tests/agents/test_lite_agent.py

@@ -1138,3 +1138,160 @@ def test_lite_agent_memory_instance_recall_and_save_called():
     mock_memory.remember_many.assert_called_once_with(
         ["Fact one.", "Fact two."], agent_role="Test"
     )
+
+
+class _FixedUsageLLM(BaseLLM):
+    """Offline BaseLLM that records fixed usage (100/10 tokens) per call."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__(model="fixed-usage-model")
+
+    def call(
+        self,
+        messages,
+        tools=None,
+        callbacks=None,
+        available_functions=None,
+        from_task=None,
+        from_agent=None,
+        response_model=None,
+    ) -> str:
+        self._track_token_usage_internal(
+            {"prompt_tokens": 100, "completion_tokens": 10, "total_tokens": 110}
+        )
+        return "Thought: I know the answer.\nFinal Answer: fake answer"
+
+    def supports_function_calling(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def supports_stop_words(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def get_context_window_size(self) -> int:
+        return 4096
+
+
+class TestKickoffUsageMetricsArePerCall:
+    """Regression tests for EPD-177: kickoff results used to expose the LLM
+    instance's cumulative lifetime counters, so counts accumulated across
+    calls and pooled across agents sharing one LLM object.
+    """
+
+    def _make_agent(self, role: str, llm: BaseLLM) -> Agent:
+        return Agent(
+            role=role,
+            goal="Answer questions.",
+            backstory="Test agent.",
+            llm=llm,
+            verbose=False,
+        )
+
+    def test_agents_sharing_one_llm_report_per_call_usage(self):
+        shared = _FixedUsageLLM()
+        r1 = self._make_agent("agent one", shared).kickoff("question one")
+        r2 = self._make_agent("agent two", shared).kickoff("question two")
+
+        assert r1.usage_metrics is not None
+        assert r1.usage_metrics["prompt_tokens"] > 0
+        # The second agent's call must not include the first agent's tokens.
+        assert r2.usage_metrics == r1.usage_metrics
+
+        # The shared LLM instance still exposes cumulative lifetime totals.
+        lifetime = shared.get_token_usage_summary()
+        assert lifetime.prompt_tokens == (
+            r1.usage_metrics["prompt_tokens"] + r2.usage_metrics["prompt_tokens"]
+        )
+        assert lifetime.successful_requests == (
+            r1.usage_metrics["successful_requests"]
+            + r2.usage_metrics["successful_requests"]
+        )
+
+    def test_repeated_kickoffs_on_same_agent_report_per_call_usage(self):
+        agent = self._make_agent("agent", _FixedUsageLLM())
+        r1 = agent.kickoff("question one")
+        r2 = agent.kickoff("question two")
+
+        assert r1.usage_metrics is not None
+        assert r1.usage_metrics["prompt_tokens"] > 0
+        assert r2.usage_metrics == r1.usage_metrics
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_async_kickoff_reports_per_call_usage(self):
+        shared = _FixedUsageLLM()
+        r1 = await self._make_agent("agent one", shared).kickoff_async("question one")
+        r2 = await self._make_agent("agent two", shared).kickoff_async("question two")
+
+        assert r1.usage_metrics is not None
+        assert r1.usage_metrics["prompt_tokens"] > 0
+        assert r2.usage_metrics == r1.usage_metrics
+
+    def test_guardrail_retry_usage_includes_all_attempts(self):
+        """A guardrail retry re-invokes the LLM within the same kickoff, so
+        the result must report the whole call's usage — every attempt — not
+        just the last one."""
+        baseline = (
+            self._make_agent("baseline", _FixedUsageLLM())
+            .kickoff("question one")
+            .usage_metrics
+        )
+
+        attempts: list[str] = []
+
+        def flaky_guardrail(output):
+            attempts.append(output.raw)
+            if len(attempts) == 1:
+                return (False, "Please try again.")
+            return (True, output.raw)
+
+        agent = Agent(
+            role="agent",
+            goal="Answer questions.",
+            backstory="Test agent.",
+            llm=_FixedUsageLLM(),
+            guardrail=flaky_guardrail,
+            verbose=False,
+        )
+        result = agent.kickoff("question one")
+
+        assert len(attempts) == 2
+        assert result.usage_metrics["successful_requests"] == (
+            2 * baseline["successful_requests"]
+        )
+        assert result.usage_metrics["prompt_tokens"] == 2 * baseline["prompt_tokens"]
+        assert result.usage_metrics["total_tokens"] == 2 * baseline["total_tokens"]
+
+
+class TestUsageMetricsDeltaSince:
+    def test_field_wise_difference(self):
+        baseline = UsageMetrics(
+            total_tokens=110,
+            prompt_tokens=100,
+            completion_tokens=10,
+            successful_requests=1,
+        )
+        current = UsageMetrics(
+            total_tokens=330,
+            prompt_tokens=300,
+            completion_tokens=30,
+            cached_prompt_tokens=5,
+            reasoning_tokens=7,
+            cache_creation_tokens=3,
+            successful_requests=3,
+        )
+
+        delta = current.delta_since(baseline)
+
+        assert delta == UsageMetrics(
+            total_tokens=220,
+            prompt_tokens=200,
+            completion_tokens=20,
+            cached_prompt_tokens=5,
+            reasoning_tokens=7,
+            cache_creation_tokens=3,
+            successful_requests=2,
+        )
+
+    def test_clamps_negative_differences_to_zero(self):
+        baseline = UsageMetrics(total_tokens=100, prompt_tokens=90, successful_requests=2)
+        delta = UsageMetrics().delta_since(baseline)
+        assert delta == UsageMetrics()

lib/crewai/tests/llms/openai/test_openai.py

@@ -30,10 +30,156 @@ def test_openai_completion_is_used_when_no_provider_prefix():
     llm = LLM(model="gpt-4o")
 
     from crewai.llms.providers.openai.completion import OpenAICompletion
-    assert isinstance(llm, OpenAICompletion)
+    assert llm.__class__.__name__ == "OpenAICompletion"
     assert llm.provider == "openai"
     assert llm.model == "gpt-4o"
 
+
+def test_custom_openai_flag_uses_native_openai_without_provider_prefix():
+    """Custom OpenAI-compatible endpoints can serve arbitrary model ids."""
+    with patch.dict(os.environ, {"OPENAI_API_KEY": "test-key"}, clear=False):
+        llm = LLM(
+            model="anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6",
+            custom_openai=True,
+            base_url="https://gateway.example/v1",
+            is_litellm=False,
+        )
+
+    assert llm.__class__.__name__ == "OpenAICompletion"
+    assert llm.is_litellm is False
+    assert llm.provider == "openai"
+    assert llm.model == "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6"
+    assert llm.base_url == "https://gateway.example/v1"
+    assert llm.custom_openai is True
+    assert "custom_openai" not in llm.additional_params
+
+    config = llm.to_config_dict()
+    assert config["model"] == "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6"
+    assert config["custom_openai"] is True
+    assert config["base_url"] == "https://gateway.example/v1"
+
+    rebuilt = LLM(**config)
+    assert isinstance(rebuilt, OpenAICompletion)
+    assert rebuilt.model == "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6"
+    assert rebuilt.base_url == "https://gateway.example/v1"
+
+
+def test_custom_openai_flag_requires_custom_base_url():
+    """Avoid routing arbitrary custom model ids to api.openai.com by mistake."""
+    with patch.dict(os.environ, {"OPENAI_API_KEY": "test-key"}, clear=True):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="custom_openai=True requires"):
+            LLM(
+                model="anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6",
+                custom_openai=True,
+                is_litellm=False,
+            )
+
+
+def test_direct_custom_openai_completion_requires_custom_base_url():
+    """Direct construction must not silently fall back to api.openai.com."""
+    with patch.dict(os.environ, {"OPENAI_API_KEY": "test-key"}, clear=True):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="custom_openai=True requires"):
+            OpenAICompletion(
+                model="anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6",
+                custom_openai=True,
+            )
+
+
+def test_custom_openai_flag_strips_openai_routing_prefix():
+    """The openai/ routing prefix is not part of the gateway's model id."""
+    with patch.dict(os.environ, {"OPENAI_API_KEY": "test-key"}, clear=False):
+        llm = LLM(
+            model="openai/anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6",
+            custom_openai=True,
+            base_url="https://gateway.example/v1",
+            is_litellm=False,
+        )
+
+    assert isinstance(llm, OpenAICompletion)
+    assert llm.model == "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6"
+
+
+def test_openai_prefixed_custom_endpoint_uses_native_sdk_for_nested_model_id():
+    """Custom OpenAI-compatible endpoints may serve non-OpenAI model ids."""
+    with patch.dict(os.environ, {"OPENAI_API_KEY": "test-key"}, clear=False):
+        llm = LLM(
+            model="openai/anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6",
+            base_url="https://gateway.example/v1",
+            is_litellm=False,
+        )
+
+    assert llm.__class__.__name__ == "OpenAICompletion"
+    assert llm.is_litellm is False
+    assert llm.provider == "openai"
+    assert llm.model == "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6"
+    assert llm.custom_openai is True
+    assert llm.base_url == "https://gateway.example/v1"
+
+def test_explicit_custom_openai_uses_legacy_api_base_env_var():
+    """Explicit custom routing supports the legacy endpoint environment variable."""
+    with patch.dict(
+        os.environ,
+        {
+            "OPENAI_API_KEY": "test-key",
+            "OPENAI_API_BASE": "https://gateway.example/v1",
+        },
+        clear=False,
+    ):
+        os.environ.pop("OPENAI_BASE_URL", None)
+        llm = LLM(
+            model="openai/anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6",
+            custom_openai=True,
+            is_litellm=False,
+        )
+
+    assert isinstance(llm, OpenAICompletion)
+    assert llm.is_litellm is False
+    assert llm.provider == "openai"
+    assert llm.model == "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6"
+    assert llm.custom_openai is True
+
+
+def test_openai_prefixed_unknown_model_ignores_ambient_base_url_for_routing():
+    """Ambient OpenAI configuration must not opt unknown models into native routing."""
+    with patch.dict(
+        os.environ,
+        {
+            "OPENAI_API_KEY": "test-key",
+            "OPENAI_BASE_URL": "https://gateway.example/v1",
+        },
+        clear=True,
+    ):
+        with (
+            patch("crewai.llm._ensure_litellm", return_value=False),
+            pytest.raises(ImportError, match="LiteLLM fallback package"),
+        ):
+            LLM(model="openai/not-a-real-openai-model")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("endpoint_field", ["api_base", "env"])
+def test_custom_openai_config_preserves_resolved_endpoint(endpoint_field):
+    """Serialized custom OpenAI configs can reconstruct the same endpoint."""
+    kwargs = {}
+    env = {"OPENAI_API_KEY": "test-key"}
+    if endpoint_field == "api_base":
+        kwargs["api_base"] = "https://gateway.example/v1"
+    else:
+        env["OPENAI_API_BASE"] = "https://gateway.example/v1"
+
+    with patch.dict(os.environ, env, clear=True):
+        llm = LLM(
+            model="anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6",
+            custom_openai=True,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    config = llm.to_config_dict()
+    assert config["base_url"] == "https://gateway.example/v1"
+    rebuilt = LLM(**config)
+    assert isinstance(rebuilt, OpenAICompletion)
+    assert rebuilt.base_url == "https://gateway.example/v1"
+
+
 @pytest.mark.vcr()
 def test_openai_is_default_provider_without_explicit_llm_set_on_agent():
     """
@@ -60,14 +206,13 @@ def test_openai_is_default_provider_without_explicit_llm_set_on_agent():
 
 
 
-def test_openai_completion_module_is_imported():
+def test_openai_completion_module_is_imported(monkeypatch):
     """
     Test that the completion module is properly imported when using OpenAI provider
     """
     module_name = "crewai.llms.providers.openai.completion"
 
-    if module_name in sys.modules:
-        del sys.modules[module_name]
+    monkeypatch.delitem(sys.modules, module_name, raising=False)
 
     LLM(model="gpt-4o")
 
@@ -421,12 +566,25 @@ def test_openai_get_client_params_with_env_var():
         client_params = llm._get_client_params()
         assert client_params["base_url"] == "https://env.openai.com/v1"
 
+def test_openai_get_client_params_with_legacy_api_base_env_var():
+    """
+    Test that _get_client_params uses OPENAI_API_BASE when OPENAI_BASE_URL is absent.
+    """
+    with patch.dict(os.environ, {
+        "OPENAI_API_BASE": "https://legacy-env.openai.com/v1",
+    }, clear=False):
+        os.environ.pop("OPENAI_BASE_URL", None)
+        llm = OpenAICompletion(model="gpt-4o")
+        client_params = llm._get_client_params()
+        assert client_params["base_url"] == "https://legacy-env.openai.com/v1"
+
 def test_openai_get_client_params_priority_order():
     """
-    Test the priority order: base_url > api_base > OPENAI_BASE_URL env var
+    Test the priority order: base_url > api_base > OPENAI_BASE_URL > OPENAI_API_BASE
     """
     with patch.dict(os.environ, {
         "OPENAI_BASE_URL": "https://env.openai.com/v1",
+        "OPENAI_API_BASE": "https://legacy-env.openai.com/v1",
     }):
         llm1 = OpenAICompletion(
             model="gpt-4o",

lib/crewai/tests/test_crew.py

@@ -859,6 +859,7 @@ def test_cache_hitting_between_agents(researcher, writer, ceo):
     crew = Crew(
         agents=[ceo, researcher],
         tasks=tasks,
+        cache=True,
     )
 
     with patch.object(CacheHandler, "read") as read:
@@ -2246,7 +2247,9 @@ def test_tools_with_custom_caching():
         agent=writer2,
     )
 
-    crew = Crew(agents=[writer1, writer2], tasks=[task1, task2, task3, task4])
+    crew = Crew(
+        agents=[writer1, writer2], tasks=[task1, task2, task3, task4], cache=True
+    )
 
     with patch.object(
         CacheHandler, "add", wraps=crew._cache_handler.add
@@ -4598,6 +4601,98 @@ def test_reset_memory_uses_full_unified_memory_reset(researcher):
     reset.assert_not_called()
 
 
+def test_kickoff_drains_pending_memory_saves_before_completion_event(researcher):
+    """Background memory saves must finish (and emit their completion events)
+    before CrewKickoffCompletedEvent, otherwise listeners that tear down on
+    kickoff-completed (e.g. telemetry sessions) see the save span as orphaned."""
+    import time
+
+    from crewai.events.types.crew_events import CrewKickoffCompletedEvent
+
+    order: list[str] = []
+
+    def slow_save():
+        time.sleep(0.3)
+        order.append("save-done")
+
+    crew = Crew(
+        agents=[researcher],
+        process=Process.sequential,
+        tasks=[
+            Task(description="Task 1", expected_output="output", agent=researcher),
+        ],
+        memory=True,
+        task_callback=lambda _output: crew._memory._submit_save(slow_save),
+    )
+
+    completed = threading.Event()
+
+    with crewai_event_bus.scoped_handlers():
+
+        @crewai_event_bus.on(CrewKickoffCompletedEvent)
+        def on_completed(_source, _event):
+            order.append("kickoff-completed")
+            completed.set()
+
+        with patch.object(Agent, "execute_task", return_value="ok"):
+            crew.kickoff()
+
+        assert completed.wait(timeout=5)
+
+    assert order.index("save-done") < order.index("kickoff-completed")
+
+
+def test_kickoff_drains_agent_memory_saves_before_completion_event(tmp_path):
+    """Agents save through their own ``agent.memory`` when set; those pools
+    must also be drained before CrewKickoffCompletedEvent."""
+    import time
+
+    from crewai.events.types.crew_events import CrewKickoffCompletedEvent
+
+    agent_memory = Memory(storage=str(tmp_path / "agent-mem"))
+    agent_with_memory = Agent(
+        role="Researcher",
+        goal="Research things",
+        backstory="Experienced researcher",
+        memory=agent_memory,
+    )
+
+    order: list[str] = []
+
+    def slow_save():
+        time.sleep(0.3)
+        order.append("save-done")
+
+    crew = Crew(
+        agents=[agent_with_memory],
+        process=Process.sequential,
+        tasks=[
+            Task(
+                description="Task 1",
+                expected_output="output",
+                agent=agent_with_memory,
+            ),
+        ],
+        task_callback=lambda _output: agent_memory._submit_save(slow_save),
+    )
+
+    completed = threading.Event()
+
+    with crewai_event_bus.scoped_handlers():
+
+        @crewai_event_bus.on(CrewKickoffCompletedEvent)
+        def on_completed(_source, _event):
+            order.append("kickoff-completed")
+            completed.set()
+
+        with patch.object(Agent, "execute_task", return_value="ok"):
+            crew.kickoff()
+
+        assert completed.wait(timeout=5)
+
+    assert order.index("save-done") < order.index("kickoff-completed")
+
+
 def test_reset_knowledge_with_only_crew_knowledge(researcher, writer):
     mock_ks = MagicMock(spec=Knowledge)
 

lib/crewai/tests/test_flow.py

@@ -2353,3 +2353,41 @@ def test_locked_dict_proxy_ior():
 def test_locked_dict_proxy_reversed():
     flow = _make_dict_flow()
     assert list(reversed(flow.state.data)) == ["c", "b", "a"]
+
+
+def test_flow_drains_pending_memory_saves_before_finished_event(tmp_path):
+    """Background memory saves must finish (and emit their completion events)
+    before FlowFinishedEvent, otherwise listeners that tear down on
+    flow-finished (e.g. telemetry sessions) see the save span as orphaned."""
+    import time
+
+    from crewai.memory.unified_memory import Memory
+
+    order: list[str] = []
+
+    def slow_save():
+        time.sleep(0.3)
+        order.append("save-done")
+
+    class MemoryFlow(Flow):
+        @start()
+        def step_1(self):
+            self.memory._submit_save(slow_save)
+            return "done"
+
+    flow = MemoryFlow(memory=Memory(storage=str(tmp_path / "flow-mem")))
+
+    finished = threading.Event()
+
+    with crewai_event_bus.scoped_handlers():
+
+        @crewai_event_bus.on(FlowFinishedEvent)
+        def on_finished(_source, _event):
+            order.append("flow-finished")
+            finished.set()
+
+        flow.kickoff()
+
+        assert finished.wait(timeout=5)
+
+    assert order.index("save-done") < order.index("flow-finished")

lib/crewai/tests/test_flow_conversation.py

@@ -1555,6 +1555,180 @@ class TestConversationalFlow:
         )
 
 
+class TestHandleTurnReplyFallback:
+    """Regression tests for EPD-181: ``handle_turn()`` decided "did the
+    handler append its reply?" by comparing assistant-message counts. A
+    handler that appends its reply AND trims history to a cap left the count
+    unchanged, so the fallback appended the reply a second time — every turn,
+    once trimming engaged. The check now uses an explicit appended-this-turn
+    flag.
+    """
+
+    MAX_MESSAGES = 4
+
+    def _make_bot(self) -> ConversationalFlow:
+        max_messages = self.MAX_MESSAGES
+
+        class EchoBot(ConversationalFlow):
+            def route_turn(self, context: dict[str, Any]) -> str | None:
+                return "ECHO"
+
+            @listen("ECHO")
+            def echo(self) -> str:
+                reply = f"echo: {self.state.current_user_message or ''}"
+                self.append_assistant_message(reply)  # handler DOES append
+                if len(self.state.messages) > max_messages:  # ...and trims
+                    self.state.messages = self.state.messages[-max_messages:]
+                return reply
+
+        return EchoBot()
+
+    def test_no_duplicate_reply_when_handler_trims_history(self) -> None:
+        bot = self._make_bot()
+        for i in range(1, 5):
+            bot.handle_turn(f"message {i}")
+            contents = [message.content for message in bot.state.messages]
+            assert len(contents) == len(set(contents)), (
+                f"duplicate reply on turn {i}: {contents}"
+            )
+
+        # The capped window holds the last two full turns, in order.
+        assert [message.content for message in bot.state.messages] == [
+            "message 3",
+            "echo: message 3",
+            "message 4",
+            "echo: message 4",
+        ]
+
+    def test_fallback_still_appends_when_handler_does_not_reply(self) -> None:
+        class SilentBot(ConversationalFlow):
+            def route_turn(self, context: dict[str, Any]) -> str | None:
+                return "WORK"
+
+            @listen("WORK")
+            def work(self) -> str:
+                return "computed reply"  # returns without appending
+
+        bot = SilentBot()
+        bot.handle_turn("hello")
+
+        assistant_messages = [
+            message.content
+            for message in bot.state.messages
+            if message.role == "assistant"
+        ]
+        assert assistant_messages == ["computed reply"]
+
+
+class TestFalsyRouteTurnFallback:
+    """A falsy ``route_turn()`` must never replay a previous turn's intent.
+
+    Regression tests for EPD-176: an overridden ``route_turn()`` returning
+    ``None`` on an unhandled input used to silently reuse the sticky
+    ``state.last_intent`` from the *previous* turn, running the wrong handler
+    with no error or warning.
+    """
+
+    def test_falsy_route_turn_does_not_replay_previous_turns_intent(self) -> None:
+        ran: list[str] = []
+
+        class Bot(ConversationalFlow):
+            def route_turn(self, context: dict[str, Any]) -> str | None:
+                message = context.get("current_user_message") or ""
+                if "hello" in message.lower():
+                    return "GREETING"
+                return None  # unhandled input -> falsy return
+
+            @listen("GREETING")
+            def greeting(self) -> str:
+                ran.append("GREETING")
+                reply = "Hi! I only do greetings."
+                self.append_assistant_message(reply)
+                return reply
+
+            @listen("WEATHER")
+            def weather(self) -> str:
+                ran.append("WEATHER")
+                reply = "It is sunny."
+                self.append_assistant_message(reply)
+                return reply
+
+        flow = Bot()
+        flow.handle_turn("hello there")
+        assert ran == ["GREETING"]
+        assert flow.state.last_intent == "GREETING"
+
+        flow.handle_turn("what is the meaning of life?")
+        assert ran == ["GREETING"], (
+            "an unhandled turn must not re-run the previous turn's handler"
+        )
+        # With no routing decision the turn falls through to the built-in
+        # 'converse' default instead of replaying the stale intent.
+        assert flow.state.last_intent == "converse"
+        assert flow.state.messages[-1].content != "Hi! I only do greetings."
+
+    def test_stale_intent_ignored_but_route_selected_event_still_emitted(
+        self,
+    ) -> None:
+        class Bot(ConversationalFlow):
+            def route_turn(self, context: dict[str, Any]) -> str | None:
+                message = context.get("current_user_message") or ""
+                return "work" if "work" in message else None
+
+            @listen("work")
+            def do_work(self) -> str:
+                self.append_assistant_message("worked")
+                return "worked"
+
+        flow = Bot()
+        routes: list[ConversationRouteSelectedEvent] = []
+        with crewai_event_bus.scoped_handlers():
+
+            @crewai_event_bus.on(ConversationRouteSelectedEvent)
+            def capture(_: Any, event: ConversationRouteSelectedEvent) -> None:
+                routes.append(event)
+
+            flow.handle_turn("work please")
+            flow.handle_turn("something unrelated")
+            crewai_event_bus.flush()
+
+        assert [event.route for event in routes] == ["work", "converse"]
+        # The fallback decision still reports the prior intent for visibility.
+        assert routes[1].previous_intent == "work"
+
+    def test_fresh_intent_classified_this_turn_still_routes(self) -> None:
+        """The legacy ``default_intents`` path classifies per turn and must
+        keep routing on the freshly classified intent — including when the
+        intent changes between turns."""
+        ran: list[str] = []
+
+        @ConversationConfig(
+            default_intents=["search", "weather"], intent_llm="gpt-4o-mini"
+        )
+        class LegacyFlow(ConversationalFlow):
+            @listen("search")
+            def handle_search(self) -> str:
+                ran.append("search")
+                self.append_assistant_message("searched")
+                return "searched"
+
+            @listen("weather")
+            def handle_weather(self) -> str:
+                ran.append("weather")
+                self.append_assistant_message("sunny")
+                return "sunny"
+
+        flow = LegacyFlow()
+        with patch.object(
+            flow, "_collapse_to_outcome", side_effect=["search", "weather"]
+        ):
+            flow.handle_turn("look up crewai")
+            flow.handle_turn("how is the weather?")
+
+        assert ran == ["search", "weather"]
+        assert flow.state.last_intent == "weather"
+
+
 class TestFlowTracingWhenSuppressed:
     def test_flow_started_emitted_when_panel_events_suppressed(self) -> None:
         class QuietFlow(Flow[ChatState]):

lib/crewai/tests/test_flow_definition.py

@@ -1348,7 +1348,15 @@ def test_skill_documents_flow_wiring():
     assert "```yaml" in skill
     assert "[Method](#method-methods)" in skill
     assert 'input: "Reviewed research: ${outputs.research_brief.raw}"' in skill
-    assert 'text(root, "path", "default")' in skill
+    assert "do not assemble the string with CEL `+`" in skill
+    assert "Do not use CEL `+` to build text in action mappings" in skill
+    assert "Agent prompt template. Insert Flow values with `${...}`" in skill
+    assert (
+        "Repository-backed agents may set `from_repository` and omit inline "
+        "`role`, `goal`, and `backstory`" in skill
+    )
+    assert "Runtime inputs passed to the Crew" in skill
+    assert "Tool input arguments. Insert Flow values with `${...}`" in skill
     assert "trust CrewAI defaults and omit them" in skill
     assert "#### LLM Definition" in skill
     assert "`max_tokens` (optional): integer | null; default `null`" in skill

lib/crewai/tests/test_flow_from_definition.py

@@ -1102,7 +1102,7 @@ methods:
     )
 
 
-def test_tool_action_renders_text_custom_expression_inputs():
+def test_tool_action_renders_interpolated_inputs():
     yaml_str = f"""
 schema: crewai.flow/v1
 name: ToolFlow
@@ -1112,8 +1112,8 @@ methods:
       call: tool
       ref: {__name__}:StaticSearchTool
       with:
-        search_query: "${{'Ticket ID: ' + text(state, 'ticket.id') + '; Subject: ' + text(state, 'ticket.subject') + '; Priority: ' + text(state, 'priority', 'unknown') + '; Message: ' + text(state, 'messages.0.body')}}"
-        prefix: "${{text(state, 'ticket')}}"
+        search_query: "Ticket ID: ${{state.ticket.id}}; Subject: ${{state.ticket.subject}}; Message: ${{state.messages[0].body}}"
+        prefix: "${{state.prefix}}"
     start: true
 """
 
@@ -1124,9 +1124,10 @@ methods:
             inputs={
                 "ticket": {"id": 123, "subject": None},
                 "messages": [{"body": "Initial report"}],
+                "prefix": "ticket",
             }
         )
-        == '{"id": 123, "subject": null}:Ticket ID: 123; Subject: ; Priority: unknown; Message: Initial report'
+        == "ticket:Ticket ID: 123; Subject: ; Message: Initial report"
     )
 
 
@@ -1319,7 +1320,7 @@ methods:
         role: Analyst
         goal: Answer questions
         backstory: Knows things.
-        input: "Ticket ID: ${text(state, 'ticket.id')}; Subject: ${text(state, 'ticket.subject')}"
+        input: "Ticket ID: ${state.ticket.id}; Subject: ${state.ticket.subject}"
     start: true
 """
 
@@ -2909,37 +2910,6 @@ def test_explicit_cel_fields_accept_expression_markers():
     assert Flow.from_declaration(contents=definition).kickoff(inputs={"score": 90}) == "qualified"
 
 
-def test_expression_action_runs_text_custom_expression():
-    definition = FlowDefinition.from_declaration(contents=
-        {
-            "schema": "crewai.flow/v1",
-            "name": "ExpressionFlow",
-            "methods": {
-                "summarize": {
-                    "start": True,
-                    "do": {
-                        "call": "expression",
-                        "expr": (
-                            "'Ticket ID: ' + text(state, 'ticket.id') + "
-                            "'; Tags: ' + text(state, 'tags')"
-                        ),
-                    },
-                }
-            },
-        }
-    )
-
-    assert (
-        Flow.from_declaration(contents=definition).kickoff(
-            inputs={
-                "ticket": {"id": 123},
-                "tags": ["urgent", "billing"],
-            }
-        )
-        == 'Ticket ID: 123; Tags: ["urgent", "billing"]'
-    )
-
-
 def test_expression_local_context_recurses_into_dataclass_values():
     from crewai.flow.expressions import Expression
 

lib/crewai/tests/test_tool_cache_default.py

@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+"""Regression tests for EPD-180: tool-result caching used to be ON by default,
+so an LLM calling the same tool with identical arguments twice in one run got
+the first (possibly stale) result back without the tool executing — silently
+wrong for live-data tools, and silently dropped actions for stateful tools.
+
+Caching is now opt-in: ``Crew(cache=True)`` for crews, ``Agent(cache=True)``
+(or an explicit ``cache_handler``) for standalone agents. The machinery —
+including per-tool ``cache_function`` write gating — is unchanged once opted
+in.
+
+The end-to-end tests run fully offline: a fake OpenAI client scripts two
+identical tool calls followed by a final answer, mirroring the EPD-180
+clean-room repro.
+"""
+
+from openai.types.chat import ChatCompletion
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+from crewai import LLM, Agent, Crew, Task
+from crewai.agents.cache.cache_handler import CacheHandler
+from crewai.tools import BaseTool
+
+
+class LookupArgs(BaseModel):
+    city: str = Field(description="City to look up.")
+
+
+def make_live_tool():
+    """A tool returning a different value on every real execution."""
+    executions = []
+
+    class LiveLookupTool(BaseTool):
+        name: str = "live_lookup"
+        description: str = "Returns a live (time-varying) reading for a city."
+        args_schema: type[BaseModel] = LookupArgs
+        # cache_function deliberately NOT set — exercising the default.
+
+        def _run(self, city: str) -> str:
+            executions.append(city)
+            return f"reading #{len(executions)} for {city}"
+
+    return LiveLookupTool(), executions
+
+
+def make_scripted_llm():
+    """An offline LLM whose client scripts two identical tool calls."""
+
+    def tool_call_response(call_id: str):
+        return {
+            "index": 0,
+            "finish_reason": "tool_calls",
+            "message": {
+                "role": "assistant",
+                "content": None,
+                "tool_calls": [
+                    {
+                        "id": call_id,
+                        "type": "function",
+                        "function": {
+                            "name": "live_lookup",
+                            "arguments": '{"city": "paris"}',
+                        },
+                    }
+                ],
+            },
+        }
+
+    scripted = [
+        tool_call_response("call_1"),
+        tool_call_response("call_2"),  # identical name+args, new id
+        {
+            "index": 0,
+            "finish_reason": "stop",
+            "message": {"role": "assistant", "content": "Final answer: done."},
+        },
+    ]
+
+    class FakeCompletions:
+        def __init__(self):
+            self.n = 0
+
+        def create(self, **params):
+            choice = scripted[min(self.n, len(scripted) - 1)]
+            self.n += 1
+            return ChatCompletion.model_validate(
+                {
+                    "id": f"chatcmpl-fake-{self.n}",
+                    "object": "chat.completion",
+                    "created": 1,
+                    "model": params.get("model", "gpt-4o"),
+                    "choices": [choice],
+                    "usage": {
+                        "prompt_tokens": 10,
+                        "completion_tokens": 5,
+                        "total_tokens": 15,
+                    },
+                }
+            )
+
+    class FakeClient:
+        def __init__(self):
+            self.chat = type("Chat", (), {"completions": FakeCompletions()})()
+
+    llm = LLM(model="openai/gpt-4o")
+    llm._client = FakeClient()
+    return llm
+
+
+def run_crew(**crew_kwargs):
+    tool, executions = make_live_tool()
+    agent = Agent(
+        role="reader",
+        goal="Look things up.",
+        backstory="Test agent.",
+        llm=make_scripted_llm(),
+        tools=[tool],
+        verbose=False,
+    )
+    task = Task(
+        description="Look up paris twice and report.",
+        expected_output="A report.",
+        agent=agent,
+    )
+    crew = Crew(agents=[agent], tasks=[task], verbose=False, **crew_kwargs)
+    crew.kickoff()
+    return executions
+
+
+class TestToolCachingIsOptIn:
+    def test_default_reexecutes_identical_tool_calls(self):
+        """EPD-180: with no opt-in, both identical calls must really execute."""
+        executions = run_crew()
+        assert len(executions) == 2
+
+    def test_crew_cache_true_dedupes_identical_tool_calls(self):
+        """Opting in via Crew(cache=True) restores the dedup behavior."""
+        executions = run_crew(cache=True)
+        assert len(executions) == 1
+
+
+class TestAgentCacheWiring:
+    def _agent(self, **kwargs) -> Agent:
+        return Agent(
+            role="reader",
+            goal="Look things up.",
+            backstory="Test agent.",
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def test_standalone_agent_has_no_cache_by_default(self):
+        agent = self._agent()
+        assert agent.tools_handler.cache is None
+        assert agent.cache_handler is None
+
+    def test_standalone_agent_explicit_cache_true_opts_in(self):
+        agent = self._agent(cache=True)
+        assert agent.tools_handler.cache is not None
+        assert agent.cache_handler is not None
+
+    def test_standalone_agent_explicit_cache_handler_opts_in(self):
+        handler = CacheHandler()
+        agent = self._agent(cache_handler=handler)
+        assert agent.tools_handler.cache is handler
+
+    def test_explicit_cache_false_stays_off_even_with_handler(self):
+        agent = self._agent(cache=False, cache_handler=CacheHandler())
+        assert agent.tools_handler.cache is None
+
+    def test_agents_accept_a_crew_offered_handler_by_default(self):
+        """``Crew(cache=True)`` offers its handler via set_cache_handler at
+        kickoff; agents that didn't explicitly opt out must accept it."""
+        agent = self._agent()
+        assert agent.tools_handler.cache is None
+
+        handler = CacheHandler()
+        agent.set_cache_handler(handler)
+        assert agent.tools_handler.cache is handler
+
+    def test_agents_that_opted_out_refuse_a_crew_offered_handler(self):
+        agent = self._agent(cache=False)
+        agent.set_cache_handler(CacheHandler())
+        assert agent.tools_handler.cache is None
+
+    def test_copy_of_default_agent_does_not_opt_in(self):
+        """copy() rebuilds from model_dump(), which includes the field
+        default cache=True — that must not read as an explicit opt-in on
+        the copy (Bugbot review finding on the original PR)."""
+        copied = self._agent().copy()
+        assert copied.tools_handler.cache is None
+        assert copied.cache_handler is None
+
+    def test_copy_of_opted_in_agent_stays_opted_in(self):
+        copied = self._agent(cache=True).copy()
+        assert copied.tools_handler.cache is not None
+
+    def test_copy_of_handler_opted_in_agent_stays_opted_in(self):
+        """An explicit cache_handler is an opt-in too; copy() excludes the
+        handler itself, but the consent must survive — the copy wires its
+        own fresh handler (Bugbot review finding on the original PR)."""
+        source = self._agent(cache_handler=CacheHandler())
+        copied = source.copy()
+        assert copied.tools_handler.cache is not None
+        assert copied.tools_handler.cache is not source.tools_handler.cache
+
+    def test_copy_of_explicit_cache_false_with_handler_stays_off(self):
+        copied = self._agent(cache=False, cache_handler=CacheHandler()).copy()
+        assert copied.tools_handler.cache is None
+
+    def test_copy_of_crew_wired_agent_does_not_opt_in(self):
+        """A handler offered by a crew at kickoff (set_cache_handler) is
+        runtime wiring, not construction-time consent — copies of such
+        agents must not become standalone cachers (Bugbot review finding
+        on the original PR)."""
+        agent = self._agent()
+        agent.set_cache_handler(CacheHandler())  # what Crew(cache=True) does
+        assert agent.tools_handler.cache is not None
+
+        copied = agent.copy()
+        assert copied.tools_handler.cache is None
+        assert copied.cache_handler is None
+
+
+class TestHierarchicalManagerCacheWiring:
+    """The auto-created hierarchical manager is built outside the agents
+    loop that offers the crew's cache handler; an opted-in crew must wire
+    the manager too (Bugbot review finding on the original PR)."""
+
+    def _crew(self, **crew_kwargs) -> Crew:
+        from crewai.process import Process
+
+        agent = Agent(role="worker", goal="Do work.", backstory="Test agent.")
+        task = Task(description="Do the work.", expected_output="Done.")
+        return Crew(
+            agents=[agent],
+            tasks=[task],
+            process=Process.hierarchical,
+            manager_llm="gpt-4o",
+            **crew_kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def test_manager_gets_crew_handler_when_cache_enabled(self):
+        crew = self._crew(cache=True)
+        crew._create_manager_agent()
+        assert crew.manager_agent.tools_handler.cache is crew._cache_handler
+
+    def test_manager_has_no_cache_when_crew_did_not_opt_in(self):
+        crew = self._crew()
+        crew._create_manager_agent()
+        assert crew.manager_agent.tools_handler.cache is None
+
+    def test_user_provided_manager_with_cache_false_stays_excluded(self):
+        manager = Agent(
+            role="manager",
+            goal="Manage.",
+            backstory="Test manager.",
+            cache=False,
+            allow_delegation=True,
+        )
+        crew = self._crew(cache=True)
+        crew.manager_agent = manager
+        crew._create_manager_agent()
+        assert manager.tools_handler.cache is None

lib/crewai/tests/test_usage_shape_parity.py

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+"""Regression tests for EPD-178: token usage was exposed in different shapes
+and attribute names per code path — ``Agent.kickoff()`` results carried a
+plain dict at ``.usage_metrics`` (no ``token_usage`` attribute at all), while
+``Crew.kickoff()`` results carried a ``UsageMetrics`` object at
+``.token_usage`` (no ``usage_metrics`` attribute), so any single accessor
+written for one path raised ``AttributeError`` on the other.
+
+Both result types now expose both surfaces: ``.token_usage`` as a
+``UsageMetrics`` object and ``.usage_metrics`` as a plain dict.
+"""
+
+from crewai import Agent, Crew, Task
+from crewai.crews.crew_output import CrewOutput
+from crewai.lite_agent_output import LiteAgentOutput
+from crewai.llms.base_llm import BaseLLM
+from crewai.types.usage_metrics import UsageMetrics
+
+
+class _FixedUsageLLM(BaseLLM):
+    """Offline BaseLLM that records fixed usage (100/10 tokens) per call."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__(model="fixed-usage-model")
+
+    def call(
+        self,
+        messages,
+        tools=None,
+        callbacks=None,
+        available_functions=None,
+        from_task=None,
+        from_agent=None,
+        response_model=None,
+    ) -> str:
+        self._track_token_usage_internal(
+            {"prompt_tokens": 100, "completion_tokens": 10, "total_tokens": 110}
+        )
+        return "Thought: I know the answer.\nFinal Answer: fake answer"
+
+    def supports_function_calling(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def supports_stop_words(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def get_context_window_size(self) -> int:
+        return 4096
+
+
+class TestUsageShapeUnitParity:
+    def test_lite_agent_output_exposes_token_usage_object(self):
+        metrics = UsageMetrics(
+            total_tokens=110,
+            prompt_tokens=100,
+            completion_tokens=10,
+            successful_requests=1,
+        )
+        output = LiteAgentOutput(
+            agent_role="analyst", usage_metrics=metrics.model_dump()
+        )
+
+        assert output.token_usage == metrics
+        assert isinstance(output.token_usage, UsageMetrics)
+
+    def test_lite_agent_output_token_usage_zeroed_when_absent(self):
+        output = LiteAgentOutput(agent_role="analyst")
+
+        assert output.usage_metrics is None
+        assert output.token_usage == UsageMetrics()
+
+    def test_crew_output_exposes_usage_metrics_dict(self):
+        metrics = UsageMetrics(
+            total_tokens=110,
+            prompt_tokens=100,
+            completion_tokens=10,
+            successful_requests=1,
+        )
+        output = CrewOutput(token_usage=metrics)
+
+        assert output.usage_metrics == metrics.model_dump()
+        assert isinstance(output.usage_metrics, dict)
+
+    def test_both_shapes_carry_identical_keys(self):
+        """The dict shape has exactly the UsageMetrics fields on both types."""
+        crew_dict = CrewOutput(token_usage=UsageMetrics()).usage_metrics
+        lite = LiteAgentOutput(
+            agent_role="analyst", usage_metrics=UsageMetrics().model_dump()
+        )
+
+        assert set(crew_dict) == set(UsageMetrics.model_fields)
+        assert set(lite.usage_metrics) == set(UsageMetrics.model_fields)
+
+
+class TestUsageShapeEndToEnd:
+    """Mirror of the EPD-178 clean-room repro, offline via a fake BaseLLM."""
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _read_via_object(result) -> int:
+        """Single accessor written against the CrewOutput shape."""
+        return result.token_usage.prompt_tokens
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _read_via_dict(result) -> int:
+        """Single accessor written against the LiteAgentOutput shape."""
+        return result.usage_metrics["prompt_tokens"]
+
+    def test_single_accessor_works_on_both_kickoff_paths(self):
+        agent_a = Agent(
+            role="analyst",
+            goal="Answer questions.",
+            backstory="Test agent.",
+            llm=_FixedUsageLLM(),
+            verbose=False,
+        )
+        result_agent = agent_a.kickoff("a question")
+
+        agent_b = Agent(
+            role="analyst",
+            goal="Answer questions.",
+            backstory="Test agent.",
+            llm=_FixedUsageLLM(),
+            verbose=False,
+        )
+        task = Task(
+            description="Answer: a question",
+            expected_output="A short answer.",
+            agent=agent_b,
+        )
+        crew = Crew(agents=[agent_b], tasks=[task], verbose=False)
+        result_crew = crew.kickoff()
+
+        assert isinstance(result_agent, LiteAgentOutput)
+        assert isinstance(result_crew, CrewOutput)
+
+        # Both accessors work on both result types and agree with each other.
+        for result in (result_agent, result_crew):
+            object_read = self._read_via_object(result)
+            dict_read = self._read_via_dict(result)
+            assert object_read == dict_read
+            assert object_read > 0
+            assert isinstance(result.token_usage, UsageMetrics)
+            assert isinstance(result.usage_metrics, dict)

lib/crewai/tests/tools/test_base_tool.py

@@ -18,11 +18,16 @@ def test_creating_a_tool_using_annotation():
         return question
 
     assert my_tool.name == "Name of my tool"
-    assert "Tool Name: name_of_my_tool" in my_tool.description
-    assert "Tool Arguments:" in my_tool.description
-    assert '"question"' in my_tool.description
-    assert '"type": "string"' in my_tool.description
-    assert "Tool Description: Clear description for what this tool is useful for" in my_tool.description
+    # The authored description is preserved as written; the LLM-facing
+    # composite lives at formatted_description.
+    assert my_tool.description == (
+        "Clear description for what this tool is useful for, your agent will need this information to use it."
+    )
+    assert "Tool Name: name_of_my_tool" in my_tool.formatted_description
+    assert "Tool Arguments:" in my_tool.formatted_description
+    assert '"question"' in my_tool.formatted_description
+    assert '"type": "string"' in my_tool.formatted_description
+    assert "Tool Description: Clear description for what this tool is useful for" in my_tool.formatted_description
     assert my_tool.args_schema.model_json_schema()["properties"] == {
         "question": {"title": "Question", "type": "string"}
     }
@@ -33,9 +38,10 @@ def test_creating_a_tool_using_annotation():
     converted_tool = my_tool.to_structured_tool()
     assert converted_tool.name == "Name of my tool"
 
-    assert "Tool Name: name_of_my_tool" in converted_tool.description
-    assert "Tool Arguments:" in converted_tool.description
-    assert '"question"' in converted_tool.description
+    assert converted_tool.description == my_tool.description
+    assert "Tool Name: name_of_my_tool" in converted_tool.formatted_description
+    assert "Tool Arguments:" in converted_tool.formatted_description
+    assert '"question"' in converted_tool.formatted_description
     assert converted_tool.args_schema.model_json_schema()["properties"] == {
         "question": {"title": "Question", "type": "string"}
     }
@@ -56,11 +62,16 @@ def test_creating_a_tool_using_baseclass():
     my_tool = MyCustomTool()
     assert my_tool.name == "Name of my tool"
 
-    assert "Tool Name: name_of_my_tool" in my_tool.description
-    assert "Tool Arguments:" in my_tool.description
-    assert '"question"' in my_tool.description
-    assert '"type": "string"' in my_tool.description
-    assert "Tool Description: Clear description for what this tool is useful for" in my_tool.description
+    # The authored description is preserved as written; the LLM-facing
+    # composite lives at formatted_description.
+    assert my_tool.description == (
+        "Clear description for what this tool is useful for, your agent will need this information to use it."
+    )
+    assert "Tool Name: name_of_my_tool" in my_tool.formatted_description
+    assert "Tool Arguments:" in my_tool.formatted_description
+    assert '"question"' in my_tool.formatted_description
+    assert '"type": "string"' in my_tool.formatted_description
+    assert "Tool Description: Clear description for what this tool is useful for" in my_tool.formatted_description
     assert my_tool.args_schema.model_json_schema()["properties"] == {
         "question": {"title": "Question", "type": "string"}
     }
@@ -69,9 +80,10 @@ def test_creating_a_tool_using_baseclass():
     converted_tool = my_tool.to_structured_tool()
     assert converted_tool.name == "Name of my tool"
 
-    assert "Tool Name: name_of_my_tool" in converted_tool.description
-    assert "Tool Arguments:" in converted_tool.description
-    assert '"question"' in converted_tool.description
+    assert converted_tool.description == my_tool.description
+    assert "Tool Name: name_of_my_tool" in converted_tool.formatted_description
+    assert "Tool Arguments:" in converted_tool.formatted_description
+    assert '"question"' in converted_tool.formatted_description
     assert converted_tool.args_schema.model_json_schema()["properties"] == {
         "question": {"title": "Question", "type": "string"}
     }
@@ -695,3 +707,88 @@ class TestToolDecoratorArunValidation:
 
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="validation failed"):
             await async_execute.arun(wrong_arg="value")
+
+
+class TestAuthoredDescriptionPreserved:
+    """Regression tests for EPD-179: BaseTool.model_post_init silently
+    rewrote the authored ``description`` into the LLM-facing composite
+    (``Tool Name: …\\nTool Arguments: …\\nTool Description: <authored>``).
+    The authored field must survive construction as written, with the
+    composite exposed separately at ``formatted_description``.
+    """
+
+    AUTHORED = "Returns the current temperature for a city."
+
+    def _make_tool(self) -> BaseTool:
+        class TempArgs(BaseModel):
+            city: str = Field(description="City name to look up.")
+
+        class TempTool(BaseTool):
+            name: str = "get_temperature"
+            description: str = TestAuthoredDescriptionPreserved.AUTHORED
+            args_schema: type[BaseModel] = TempArgs
+
+            def _run(self, city: str) -> str:
+                return f"22C in {city}"
+
+        return TempTool()
+
+    def test_description_equals_authored_text(self):
+        tool_instance = self._make_tool()
+        assert tool_instance.description == self.AUTHORED
+
+    def test_formatted_description_contains_composite(self):
+        tool_instance = self._make_tool()
+        formatted = tool_instance.formatted_description
+        assert "Tool Name: get_temperature" in formatted
+        assert "Tool Arguments:" in formatted
+        assert '"city"' in formatted
+        assert formatted.endswith(f"Tool Description: {self.AUTHORED}")
+
+    def test_formatted_description_tracks_later_description_edits(self):
+        tool_instance = self._make_tool()
+        tool_instance.description = "Edited description."
+        assert tool_instance.formatted_description.endswith(
+            "Tool Description: Edited description."
+        )
+
+    def test_prose_mentioning_the_marker_is_not_truncated(self):
+        """Authored text that merely mentions "Tool Description:" must reach
+        the LLM untouched — only descriptions that ARE a pre-composed block
+        (anchored three-line shape) get stripped."""
+        tool_instance = self._make_tool()
+        prose = (
+            "Formats prompts. The output includes a line reading "
+            "'Tool Description:' followed by the tool's summary."
+        )
+        tool_instance.description = prose
+        assert tool_instance.formatted_description.endswith(
+            f"Tool Description: {prose}"
+        )
+
+    def test_composite_is_not_reapplied_to_prebaked_descriptions(self):
+        """A description that already contains a composed block (old
+        checkpoints, adapters that bake the composite into the field) must
+        not be double-wrapped."""
+        tool_instance = self._make_tool()
+        tool_instance.description = (
+            "Tool Name: get_temperature\n"
+            'Tool Arguments: {"city": "str"}\n'
+            f"Tool Description: {self.AUTHORED}"
+        )
+        formatted = tool_instance.formatted_description
+        assert formatted.count("Tool Description:") == 1
+        assert formatted.endswith(f"Tool Description: {self.AUTHORED}")
+
+    def test_prompt_rendering_still_uses_composite(self):
+        from crewai.utilities.agent_utils import render_text_description_and_args
+
+        tool_instance = self._make_tool()
+        structured = tool_instance.to_structured_tool()
+        assert structured.description == self.AUTHORED
+
+        for candidate in (tool_instance, structured):
+            rendered = render_text_description_and_args([candidate])
+            assert "Tool Name: get_temperature" in rendered
+            assert "Tool Arguments:" in rendered
+            assert f"Tool Description: {self.AUTHORED}" in rendered

lib/crewai/tests/utilities/test_console_formatter_tui_mode.py

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+"""Flow panels must be suppressed while a TUI owns the screen."""
+
+from rich.text import Text
+
+from crewai.events.listeners.tracing.utils import set_tui_mode
+from crewai.events.utils.console_formatter import ConsoleFormatter
+
+
+def _make_formatter(monkeypatch):
+    fmt = ConsoleFormatter(verbose=True)
+    calls: list[object] = []
+    monkeypatch.setattr(fmt, "print", lambda *a, **k: calls.append(a))
+    return fmt, calls
+
+
+def test_flow_panel_suppressed_in_tui_mode(monkeypatch):
+    fmt, calls = _make_formatter(monkeypatch)
+    set_tui_mode(True)
+    try:
+        fmt.print_panel(Text("x"), "🌊 Flow Started", "blue", is_flow=True)
+    finally:
+        set_tui_mode(False)
+
+    assert calls == []
+
+
+def test_flow_panel_prints_when_not_tui_mode(monkeypatch):
+    fmt, calls = _make_formatter(monkeypatch)
+    set_tui_mode(False)
+
+    fmt.print_panel(Text("x"), "🌊 Flow Started", "blue", is_flow=True)
+
+    # Panel + trailing blank line.
+    assert len(calls) == 2
+
+
+def test_non_flow_panel_unaffected_by_tui_mode(monkeypatch):
+    # tui_mode only gates flow panels; regular panels still follow verbose.
+    fmt, calls = _make_formatter(monkeypatch)
+    set_tui_mode(True)
+    try:
+        fmt.print_panel(Text("x"), "Task", "blue", is_flow=False)
+    finally:
+        set_tui_mode(False)
+
+    assert len(calls) == 2

uv.lock

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ resolution-markers = [
 ]
 
 [options]
-exclude-newer = "2026-07-04T15:35:51.457693Z"
+exclude-newer = "2026-07-11T05:37:26.328112Z"
 exclude-newer-span = "P3D"
 
 [options.exclude-newer-package]
@@ -1028,14 +1028,14 @@ wheels = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "click"
-version = "8.1.8"
+version = "8.4.2"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
     { name = "colorama", marker = "sys_platform == 'win32'" },
 ]
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/b9/2e/0090cbf739cee7d23781ad4b89a9894a41538e4fcf4c31dcdd705b78eb8b/click-8.1.8.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ed53c9d8990d83c2a27deae68e4ee337473f6330c040a31d4225c9574d16096a", size = 226593, upload-time = "2024-12-21T18:38:44.339Z" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/76/d4/81420972a676e8ffea40450d8c8c92943e7218a78fe9b64359836cc9876b/click-8.4.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:9a6cea6e60b17ebe0a44c5cc636d94f09bd66142c1cd7d8b4cd731c4917a15f6", size = 338000, upload-time = "2026-06-24T17:45:15.148Z" }
 wheels = [
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+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/fb/e2/79c688af8b210d232694e31e59da9f6ec747bae31c3f5946e4e9b98860d5/click-8.4.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:e6f9f66136c816745b9d65817da91d61d957fb16e02e4dcd0552553c5a197b76", size = 119243, upload-time = "2026-06-24T17:45:13.73Z" },
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -6126,75 +6126,54 @@ wheels = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pillow"
-version = "12.2.0"
+version = "12.3.0"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
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