fix: ignore expected security warnings in subprocess_utils.py

- Add per-file-ignores for S602/S603 in subprocess_utils.py
- These warnings are expected for Windows shell=True compatibility fix
- Resolves remaining CI lint failures for Windows subprocess fix

Co-Authored-By: João <joao@crewai.com>

.github/workflows/build-uv-cache.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+name: Build uv cache
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+    paths:
+      - "uv.lock"
+      - "pyproject.toml"
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  build-cache:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"]
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Install uv
+        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
+        with:
+          version: "0.8.4"
+          python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+          enable-cache: false
+
+      - name: Install dependencies and populate cache
+        run: |
+          echo "Building global UV cache for Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}..."
+          uv sync --all-groups --all-extras --no-install-project
+          echo "Cache populated successfully"
+
+      - name: Save uv caches
+        uses: actions/cache/save@v4
+        with:
+          path: |
+            ~/.cache/uv
+            ~/.local/share/uv
+            .venv
+          key: uv-main-py${{ matrix.python-version }}-${{ hashFiles('uv.lock') }}

.github/workflows/linter.yml

@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@ name: Lint
 
 on: [pull_request]
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   lint:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -15,19 +18,27 @@ jobs:
       - name: Fetch Target Branch
         run: git fetch origin $TARGET_BRANCH --depth=1
 
+      - name: Restore global uv cache
+        id: cache-restore
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
+        with:
+          path: |
+            ~/.cache/uv
+            ~/.local/share/uv
+            .venv
+          key: uv-main-py3.11-${{ hashFiles('uv.lock') }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            uv-main-py3.11-
+
       - name: Install uv
         uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
         with:
-          enable-cache: true
-          cache-dependency-glob: |
-            **/pyproject.toml
-            **/uv.lock
-
-      - name: Set up Python
-        run: uv python install 3.11
+          version: "0.8.4"
+          python-version: "3.11"
+          enable-cache: false
 
       - name: Install dependencies
-        run: uv sync --dev --no-install-project
+        run: uv sync --all-groups --all-extras --no-install-project
 
       - name: Get Changed Python Files
         id: changed-files
@@ -45,3 +56,13 @@ jobs:
             | tr ' ' '\n' \
             | grep -v 'src/crewai/cli/templates/' \
             | xargs -I{} uv run ruff check "{}"
+
+      - name: Save uv caches
+        if: steps.cache-restore.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        uses: actions/cache/save@v4
+        with:
+          path: |
+            ~/.cache/uv
+            ~/.local/share/uv
+            .venv
+          key: uv-main-py3.11-${{ hashFiles('uv.lock') }}

.github/workflows/security-checker.yml

@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-name: Security Checker
-
-on: [pull_request]
-
-jobs:
-  security-check:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-
-      - name: Install uv
-        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
-        with:
-          enable-cache: true
-          cache-dependency-glob: |
-            **/pyproject.toml
-            **/uv.lock
-
-      - name: Set up Python
-        run: uv python install 3.11
-
-      - name: Install dependencies
-        run: uv sync --dev --no-install-project
-
-      - name: Run Bandit
-        run: uv run bandit -c pyproject.toml -r src/ -ll
-

.github/workflows/tests.yml

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ name: Run Tests
 on: [pull_request]
 
 permissions:
-  contents: write
+  contents: read
 
 env:
   OPENAI_API_KEY: fake-api-key
@@ -22,29 +22,76 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0  # Fetch all history for proper diff
+
+      - name: Restore global uv cache
+        id: cache-restore
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
+        with:
+          path: |
+            ~/.cache/uv
+            ~/.local/share/uv
+            .venv
+          key: uv-main-py${{ matrix.python-version }}-${{ hashFiles('uv.lock') }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            uv-main-py${{ matrix.python-version }}-
 
       - name: Install uv
         uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
         with:
-          enable-cache: true
-          cache-dependency-glob: |
-            **/pyproject.toml
-            **/uv.lock
-
-      - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-        run: uv python install ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+          version: "0.8.4"
+          python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+          enable-cache: false
 
       - name: Install the project
-        run: uv sync --dev --all-extras
+        run: uv sync --all-groups --all-extras
+
+      - name: Restore test durations
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
+        with:
+          path: .test_durations_py*
+          key: test-durations-py${{ matrix.python-version }}
 
       - name: Run tests (group ${{ matrix.group }} of 8)
         run: |
+          PYTHON_VERSION_SAFE=$(echo "${{ matrix.python-version }}" | tr '.' '_')
+          DURATION_FILE=".test_durations_py${PYTHON_VERSION_SAFE}"
+          
+          # Temporarily always skip cached durations to fix test splitting
+          # When durations don't match, pytest-split runs duplicate tests instead of splitting
+          echo "Using even test splitting (duration cache disabled until fix merged)"
+          DURATIONS_ARG=""
+          
+          # Original logic (disabled temporarily):
+          # if [ ! -f "$DURATION_FILE" ]; then
+          #   echo "No cached durations found, tests will be split evenly"
+          #   DURATIONS_ARG=""
+          # elif git diff origin/${{ github.base_ref }}...HEAD --name-only 2>/dev/null | grep -q "^tests/.*\.py$"; then
+          #   echo "Test files have changed, skipping cached durations to avoid mismatches"
+          #   DURATIONS_ARG=""
+          # else
+          #   echo "No test changes detected, using cached test durations for optimal splitting"
+          #   DURATIONS_ARG="--durations-path=${DURATION_FILE}"
+          # fi
+          
           uv run pytest \
             --block-network \
             --timeout=30 \
             -vv \
             --splits 8 \
             --group ${{ matrix.group }} \
+            $DURATIONS_ARG \
             --durations=10 \
             -n auto \
             --maxfail=3
+
+      - name: Save uv caches
+        if: steps.cache-restore.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        uses: actions/cache/save@v4
+        with:
+          path: |
+            ~/.cache/uv
+            ~/.local/share/uv
+            .venv
+          key: uv-main-py${{ matrix.python-version }}-${{ hashFiles('uv.lock') }}

.github/workflows/type-checker.yml

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ name: Run Type Checks
 on: [pull_request]
 
 permissions:
-  contents: write
+  contents: read
 
 jobs:
   type-checker-matrix:
@@ -20,19 +20,27 @@ jobs:
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0 # Fetch all history for proper diff
 
+      - name: Restore global uv cache
+        id: cache-restore
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
+        with:
+          path: |
+            ~/.cache/uv
+            ~/.local/share/uv
+            .venv
+          key: uv-main-py${{ matrix.python-version }}-${{ hashFiles('uv.lock') }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            uv-main-py${{ matrix.python-version }}-
+
       - name: Install uv
         uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
         with:
-          enable-cache: true
-          cache-dependency-glob: |
-            **/pyproject.toml
-            **/uv.lock
-
-      - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-        run: uv python install ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+          version: "0.8.4"
+          python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+          enable-cache: false
 
       - name: Install dependencies
-        run: uv sync --dev --no-install-project
+        run: uv sync --all-groups --all-extras
 
       - name: Get changed Python files
         id: changed-files
@@ -66,6 +74,16 @@ jobs:
         if: steps.changed-files.outputs.has_changes == 'false'
         run: echo "No Python files in src/ were modified - skipping type checks"
 
+      - name: Save uv caches
+        if: steps.cache-restore.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        uses: actions/cache/save@v4
+        with:
+          path: |
+            ~/.cache/uv
+            ~/.local/share/uv
+            .venv
+          key: uv-main-py${{ matrix.python-version }}-${{ hashFiles('uv.lock') }}
+
   # Summary job to provide single status for branch protection
   type-checker:
     name: type-checker

.github/workflows/update-test-durations.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+name: Update Test Durations
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+    paths:
+      - 'tests/**/*.py'
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  update-durations:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        python-version: ['3.10', '3.11', '3.12', '3.13']
+    env:
+      OPENAI_API_KEY: fake-api-key
+      PYTHONUNBUFFERED: 1
+    
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Restore global uv cache
+        id: cache-restore
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
+        with:
+          path: |
+            ~/.cache/uv
+            ~/.local/share/uv
+            .venv
+          key: uv-main-py${{ matrix.python-version }}-${{ hashFiles('uv.lock') }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            uv-main-py${{ matrix.python-version }}-
+
+      - name: Install uv
+        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
+        with:
+          version: "0.8.4"
+          python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+          enable-cache: false
+
+      - name: Install the project
+        run: uv sync --all-groups --all-extras
+
+      - name: Run all tests and store durations
+        run: |
+          PYTHON_VERSION_SAFE=$(echo "${{ matrix.python-version }}" | tr '.' '_')
+          uv run pytest --store-durations --durations-path=.test_durations_py${PYTHON_VERSION_SAFE} -n auto
+        continue-on-error: true
+
+      - name: Save durations to cache
+        if: always()
+        uses: actions/cache/save@v4
+        with:
+          path: .test_durations_py*
+          key: test-durations-py${{ matrix.python-version }}
+
+      - name: Save uv caches
+        if: steps.cache-restore.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        uses: actions/cache/save@v4
+        with:
+          path: |
+            ~/.cache/uv
+            ~/.local/share/uv
+            .venv
+          key: uv-main-py${{ matrix.python-version }}-${{ hashFiles('uv.lock') }}

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -1,14 +1,19 @@
 repos:
-  - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-    rev: v0.12.11
+  - repo: local
     hooks:
       - id: ruff
-        args: ["--config", "pyproject.toml"]
+        name: ruff
+        entry: uv run ruff check
+        language: system
+        types: [python]
       - id: ruff-format
-        args: ["--config", "pyproject.toml"]
-  
-  - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
-    rev: v1.17.1
-    hooks:
+        name: ruff-format
+        entry: uv run ruff format
+        language: system
+        types: [python]
       - id: mypy
-        args: ["--config-file", "pyproject.toml"]
+        name: mypy
+        entry: uv run mypy
+        language: system
+        types: [python]
+        exclude: ^tests/

docs/en/concepts/memory.mdx

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ mode: "wide"
 
 ## Overview
 
-The CrewAI framework provides a sophisticated memory system designed to significantly enhance AI agent capabilities. CrewAI offers **three distinct memory approaches** that serve different use cases:
+The CrewAI framework provides a sophisticated memory system designed to significantly enhance AI agent capabilities. CrewAI offers **two distinct memory approaches** that serve different use cases:
 
 1. **Basic Memory System** - Built-in short-term, long-term, and entity memory
 2. **External Memory** - Standalone external memory providers

docs/en/mcp/overview.mdx

@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ with MCPServerAdapter(server_params, "tool_name", connect_timeout=60) as mcp_too
 
 ## Using with CrewBase
 
-To use MCPServer tools within a CrewBase class, use the `mcp_tools` method. Server configurations should be provided via the mcp_server_params attribute. You can pass either a single configuration or a list of multiple server configurations.
+To use MCPServer tools within a CrewBase class, use the `get_mcp_tools` method. Server configurations should be provided via the `mcp_server_params` attribute. You can pass either a single configuration or a list of multiple server configurations.
 
 ```python
 @CrewBase
@@ -175,6 +175,34 @@ class CrewWithMCP:
     # ... rest of your crew setup ...
 ```
 
+### Connection Timeout Configuration
+
+You can configure the connection timeout for MCP servers by setting the `mcp_connect_timeout` class attribute. If no timeout is specified, it defaults to 30 seconds.
+
+```python
+@CrewBase
+class CrewWithMCP:
+  mcp_server_params = [...]
+  mcp_connect_timeout = 60  # 60 seconds timeout for all MCP connections
+
+  @agent
+  def your_agent(self):
+      return Agent(config=self.agents_config["your_agent"], tools=self.get_mcp_tools())
+```
+
+```python
+@CrewBase
+class CrewWithDefaultTimeout:
+  mcp_server_params = [...]
+  # No mcp_connect_timeout specified - uses default 30 seconds
+
+  @agent
+  def your_agent(self):
+      return Agent(config=self.agents_config["your_agent"], tools=self.get_mcp_tools())
+```
+
+### Filtering Tools
+
 You can filter which tools are available to your agent by passing a list of tool names to the `get_mcp_tools` method.
 
 ```python
@@ -186,6 +214,22 @@ def another_agent(self):
     )
 ```
 
+The timeout configuration applies to all MCP tool calls within the crew:
+
+```python
+@CrewBase
+class CrewWithCustomTimeout:
+  mcp_server_params = [...]
+  mcp_connect_timeout = 90  # 90 seconds timeout for all MCP connections
+
+  @agent
+  def filtered_agent(self):
+      return Agent(
+        config=self.agents_config["your_agent"],
+        tools=self.get_mcp_tools("tool_1", "tool_2") # specific tools with custom timeout
+      )
+```
+
 ## Explore MCP Integrations
 
 <CardGroup cols={2}>

docs/ko/mcp/overview.mdx

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ mode: "wide"
 
 ## 개요
 
-[Model Context Protocol](https://modelcontextprotocol.io/introduction) (MCP)는 AI 에이전트가 MCP 서버로 알려진 외부 서비스와 통신함으로써 LLM에 컨텍스트를 제공할 수 있도록 표준화된 방식을 제공합니다.  
-`crewai-tools` 라이브러리는 CrewAI의 기능을 확장하여, 이러한 MCP 서버에서 제공하는 툴을 에이전트에 원활하게 통합할 수 있도록 해줍니다.  
+[Model Context Protocol](https://modelcontextprotocol.io/introduction) (MCP)는 AI 에이전트가 MCP 서버로 알려진 외부 서비스와 통신함으로써 LLM에 컨텍스트를 제공할 수 있도록 표준화된 방식을 제공합니다.
+`crewai-tools` 라이브러리는 CrewAI의 기능을 확장하여, 이러한 MCP 서버에서 제공하는 툴을 에이전트에 원활하게 통합할 수 있도록 해줍니다.
 이를 통해 여러분의 crew는 방대한 기능 에코시스템에 접근할 수 있습니다.
 
 현재 다음과 같은 전송 메커니즘을 지원합니다:
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ with MCPServerAdapter(server_params, "tool_name", connect_timeout=60) as mcp_too
 
 ## CrewBase와 함께 사용하기
 
-CrewBase 클래스 내에서 MCPServer 도구를 사용하려면 `mcp_tools` 메서드를 사용하세요. 서버 구성은 mcp_server_params 속성을 통해 제공되어야 합니다. 단일 구성 또는 여러 서버 구성을 리스트 형태로 전달할 수 있습니다.
+CrewBase 클래스 내에서 MCPServer 도구를 사용하려면 `get_mcp_tools` 메서드를 사용하세요. 서버 구성은 `mcp_server_params` 속성을 통해 제공되어야 합니다. 단일 구성 또는 여러 서버 구성을 리스트 형태로 전달할 수 있습니다.
 
 ```python
 @CrewBase
@@ -175,6 +175,34 @@ class CrewWithMCP:
     # ... 나머지 crew 설정 ...
 ```
 
+### 연결 타임아웃 구성
+
+`mcp_connect_timeout` 클래스 속성을 설정하여 MCP 서버의 연결 타임아웃을 구성할 수 있습니다. 타임아웃을 지정하지 않으면 기본값으로 30초가 사용됩니다.
+
+```python
+@CrewBase
+class CrewWithMCP:
+  mcp_server_params = [...]
+  mcp_connect_timeout = 60  # 모든 MCP 연결에 60초 타임아웃
+
+  @agent
+  def your_agent(self):
+      return Agent(config=self.agents_config["your_agent"], tools=self.get_mcp_tools())
+```
+
+```python
+@CrewBase
+class CrewWithDefaultTimeout:
+  mcp_server_params = [...]
+  # mcp_connect_timeout 지정하지 않음 - 기본 30초 사용
+
+  @agent
+  def your_agent(self):
+      return Agent(config=self.agents_config["your_agent"], tools=self.get_mcp_tools())
+```
+
+### 도구 필터링
+
 `get_mcp_tools` 메서드에 도구 이름의 리스트를 전달하여, 에이전트에 제공되는 도구를 필터링할 수 있습니다.
 
 ```python
@@ -186,6 +214,22 @@ def another_agent(self):
     )
 ```
 
+타임아웃 구성은 crew 내의 모든 MCP 도구 호출에 적용됩니다:
+
+```python
+@CrewBase
+class CrewWithCustomTimeout:
+  mcp_server_params = [...]
+  mcp_connect_timeout = 90  # 모든 MCP 연결에 90초 타임아웃
+
+  @agent
+  def filtered_agent(self):
+      return Agent(
+        config=self.agents_config["your_agent"],
+        tools=self.get_mcp_tools("tool_1", "tool_2") # 사용자 지정 타임아웃으로 특정 도구
+      )
+```
+
 ## MCP 통합 탐색
 
 <CardGroup cols={2}>
@@ -261,4 +305,4 @@ SSE 전송은 적절하게 보안되지 않은 경우 DNS 리바인딩 공격에
 
 ### 제한 사항
 *   **지원되는 프리미티브**: 현재 `MCPServerAdapter`는 주로 MCP `tools`를 어댑팅하는 기능을 지원합니다. 다른 MCP 프리미티브(예: `prompts` 또는 `resources`)는 현재 이 어댑터를 통해 CrewAI 컴포넌트로 직접 통합되어 있지 않습니다.
-*   **출력 처리**: 어댑터는 일반적으로 MCP tool의 주요 텍스트 출력(예: `.content[0].text`)을 처리합니다. 복잡하거나 멀티모달 출력의 경우 이 패턴에 맞지 않으면 별도의 커스텀 처리가 필요할 수 있습니다.
+*   **출력 처리**: 어댑터는 일반적으로 MCP tool의 주요 텍스트 출력(예: `.content[0].text`)을 처리합니다. 복잡하거나 멀티모달 출력의 경우 이 패턴에 맞지 않으면 별도의 커스텀 처리가 필요할 수 있습니다.

docs/pt-BR/mcp/overview.mdx

@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ with MCPServerAdapter(server_params, connect_timeout=60) as mcp_tools:
 
 ## Usando com CrewBase
 
-Para usar ferramentas de servidores MCP dentro de uma classe CrewBase, utilize o método `mcp_tools`. As configurações dos servidores devem ser fornecidas via o atributo mcp_server_params. Você pode passar uma configuração única ou uma lista com múltiplas configurações.
+Para usar ferramentas de servidores MCP dentro de uma classe CrewBase, utilize o método `get_mcp_tools`. As configurações dos servidores devem ser fornecidas via o atributo `mcp_server_params`. Você pode passar uma configuração única ou uma lista com múltiplas configurações.
 
 ```python
 @CrewBase
@@ -146,10 +146,65 @@ class CrewWithMCP:
 
   @agent
   def your_agent(self):
-      return Agent(config=self.agents_config["your_agent"], tools=self.get_mcp_tools()) # você também pode filtrar quais ferramentas estarão disponíveis
+      return Agent(config=self.agents_config["your_agent"], tools=self.get_mcp_tools()) # obter todas as ferramentas disponíveis
 
     # ... restante da configuração do seu crew ...
 ```
+
+### Configuração de Timeout de Conexão
+
+Você pode configurar o timeout de conexão para servidores MCP definindo o atributo de classe `mcp_connect_timeout`. Se nenhum timeout for especificado, o padrão é 30 segundos.
+
+```python
+@CrewBase
+class CrewWithMCP:
+  mcp_server_params = [...]
+  mcp_connect_timeout = 60  # timeout de 60 segundos para todas as conexões MCP
+
+  @agent
+  def your_agent(self):
+      return Agent(config=self.agents_config["your_agent"], tools=self.get_mcp_tools())
+```
+
+```python
+@CrewBase
+class CrewWithDefaultTimeout:
+  mcp_server_params = [...]
+  # Nenhum mcp_connect_timeout especificado - usa padrão de 30 segundos
+
+  @agent
+  def your_agent(self):
+      return Agent(config=self.agents_config["your_agent"], tools=self.get_mcp_tools())
+```
+
+### Filtragem de Ferramentas
+
+Você pode filtrar quais ferramentas estão disponíveis para seu agente passando uma lista de nomes de ferramentas para o método `get_mcp_tools`.
+
+```python
+@agent
+def another_agent(self):
+    return Agent(
+      config=self.agents_config["your_agent"],
+      tools=self.get_mcp_tools("tool_1", "tool_2") # obter ferramentas específicas
+    )
+```
+
+A configuração de timeout se aplica a todas as chamadas de ferramentas MCP dentro do crew:
+
+```python
+@CrewBase
+class CrewWithCustomTimeout:
+  mcp_server_params = [...]
+  mcp_connect_timeout = 90  # timeout de 90 segundos para todas as conexões MCP
+
+  @agent
+  def filtered_agent(self):
+      return Agent(
+        config=self.agents_config["your_agent"],
+        tools=self.get_mcp_tools("tool_1", "tool_2") # ferramentas específicas com timeout personalizado
+      )
+```
 ## Explore Integrações MCP
 
 <CardGroup cols={2}>

pyproject.toml

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Documentation = "https://docs.crewai.com"
 Repository = "https://github.com/crewAIInc/crewAI"
 
 [project.optional-dependencies]
-tools = ["crewai-tools~=0.69.0"]
+tools = ["crewai-tools~=0.71.0"]
 embeddings = [
     "tiktoken~=0.8.0"
 ]
@@ -131,6 +131,11 @@ select = [
     "I001",   # sort imports
     "I002",   # remove unused imports
 ]
+ignore = ["E501"]  # ignore line too long
+
+[tool.ruff.lint.per-file-ignores]
+"tests/**/*.py" = ["S101"]  # Allow assert statements in tests
+"src/crewai/cli/subprocess_utils.py" = ["S602", "S603"]  # Allow shell=True for Windows compatibility
 
 [tool.mypy]
 exclude = ["src/crewai/cli/templates", "tests"]

src/crewai/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,21 @@
+import threading
+import urllib.request
 import warnings
 from typing import Any
 
+from crewai.agent import Agent
+from crewai.crew import Crew
+from crewai.crews.crew_output import CrewOutput
+from crewai.flow.flow import Flow
+from crewai.knowledge.knowledge import Knowledge
+from crewai.llm import LLM
+from crewai.llms.base_llm import BaseLLM
+from crewai.process import Process
+from crewai.task import Task
+from crewai.tasks.llm_guardrail import LLMGuardrail
+from crewai.tasks.task_output import TaskOutput
+from crewai.telemetry.telemetry import Telemetry
+
 
 def _suppress_pydantic_deprecation_warnings() -> None:
     """Suppress Pydantic deprecation warnings using targeted monkey patch."""
@@ -20,27 +35,12 @@ def _suppress_pydantic_deprecation_warnings() -> None:
             return None
         return original_warn(message, category, stacklevel + 1, source)
 
-    setattr(warnings, "warn", filtered_warn)
+    warnings.warn = filtered_warn  # type: ignore[assignment]
 
 
 _suppress_pydantic_deprecation_warnings()
 
-import threading
-import urllib.request
-
-from crewai.agent import Agent
-from crewai.crew import Crew
-from crewai.crews.crew_output import CrewOutput
-from crewai.flow.flow import Flow
-from crewai.knowledge.knowledge import Knowledge
-from crewai.llm import LLM
-from crewai.llms.base_llm import BaseLLM
-from crewai.process import Process
-from crewai.task import Task
-from crewai.tasks.llm_guardrail import LLMGuardrail
-from crewai.tasks.task_output import TaskOutput
-from crewai.telemetry.telemetry import Telemetry
-
+__version__ = "0.186.1"
 _telemetry_submitted = False
 
 
@@ -54,13 +54,12 @@ def _track_install() -> None:
     try:
         pixel_url = "https://api.scarf.sh/v2/packages/CrewAI/crewai/docs/00f2dad1-8334-4a39-934e-003b2e1146db"
 
-        req = urllib.request.Request(pixel_url)
+        req = urllib.request.Request(pixel_url)  # noqa: S310
         req.add_header("User-Agent", f"CrewAI-Python/{__version__}")
 
-        with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=2):  # nosec B310
+        with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=2):  # noqa: S310
             _telemetry_submitted = True
-
-    except Exception:
+    except Exception:  # noqa: S110
         pass
 
 
@@ -72,19 +71,17 @@ def _track_install_async() -> None:
 
 
 _track_install_async()
-
-__version__ = "0.177.0"
 __all__ = [
+    "LLM",
     "Agent",
+    "BaseLLM",
     "Crew",
     "CrewOutput",
-    "Process",
-    "Task",
-    "LLM",
-    "BaseLLM",
     "Flow",
     "Knowledge",
-    "TaskOutput",
     "LLMGuardrail",
+    "Process",
+    "Task",
+    "TaskOutput",
     "__version__",
 ]

src/crewai/agents/agent_adapters/base_converter_adapter.py

@@ -1,29 +1,58 @@
+"""Base converter adapter for structured output conversion."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from crewai.agents.agent_adapters.base_agent_adapter import BaseAgentAdapter
+    from crewai.task import Task
 
 
 class BaseConverterAdapter(ABC):
-    """Base class for all converter adapters in CrewAI.
+    """Abstract base class for converter adapters in CrewAI.
 
-    This abstract class defines the common interface and functionality that all
-    converter adapters must implement for converting structured output.
+    Defines the common interface for converting agent outputs to structured formats.
+    All converter adapters must implement the methods defined here.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, agent_adapter):
+    def __init__(self, agent_adapter: BaseAgentAdapter) -> None:
+        """Initialize the converter adapter.
+
+        Args:
+            agent_adapter: The agent adapter to configure for structured output.
+        """
         self.agent_adapter = agent_adapter
 
     @abstractmethod
-    def configure_structured_output(self, task) -> None:
+    def configure_structured_output(self, task: Task) -> None:
         """Configure agents to return structured output.
-        Must support json and pydantic output.
+
+        Must support both JSON and Pydantic output formats.
+
+        Args:
+            task: The task requiring structured output.
         """
-        pass
 
     @abstractmethod
     def enhance_system_prompt(self, base_prompt: str) -> str:
-        """Enhance the system prompt with structured output instructions."""
-        pass
+        """Enhance the system prompt with structured output instructions.
+
+        Args:
+            base_prompt: The original system prompt.
+
+        Returns:
+            Enhanced prompt with structured output guidance.
+        """
 
     @abstractmethod
     def post_process_result(self, result: str) -> str:
-        """Post-process the result to ensure it matches the expected format: string."""
-        pass
+        """Post-process the result to ensure proper string format.
+
+        Args:
+            result: The raw result from agent execution.
+
+        Returns:
+            Processed result as a string.
+        """

src/crewai/agents/agent_adapters/langgraph/langgraph_adapter.py

@@ -1,47 +1,56 @@
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
+"""LangGraph agent adapter for CrewAI integration.
 
-from pydantic import Field, PrivateAttr
+This module contains the LangGraphAgentAdapter class that integrates LangGraph ReAct agents
+with CrewAI's agent system. Provides memory persistence, tool integration, and structured
+output functionality.
+"""
+
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any, cast
+
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, Field, PrivateAttr
 
 from crewai.agents.agent_adapters.base_agent_adapter import BaseAgentAdapter
 from crewai.agents.agent_adapters.langgraph.langgraph_tool_adapter import (
     LangGraphToolAdapter,
 )
+from crewai.agents.agent_adapters.langgraph.protocols import (
+    LangGraphCheckPointMemoryModule,
+    LangGraphPrebuiltModule,
+)
 from crewai.agents.agent_adapters.langgraph.structured_output_converter import (
     LangGraphConverterAdapter,
 )
 from crewai.agents.agent_builder.base_agent import BaseAgent
-from crewai.tools.agent_tools.agent_tools import AgentTools
-from crewai.tools.base_tool import BaseTool
-from crewai.utilities import Logger
-from crewai.utilities.converter import Converter
 from crewai.events.event_bus import crewai_event_bus
 from crewai.events.types.agent_events import (
     AgentExecutionCompletedEvent,
     AgentExecutionErrorEvent,
     AgentExecutionStartedEvent,
 )
-
-try:
-    from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import MemorySaver
-    from langgraph.prebuilt import create_react_agent
-
-    LANGGRAPH_AVAILABLE = True
-except ImportError:
-    LANGGRAPH_AVAILABLE = False
+from crewai.tools.agent_tools.agent_tools import AgentTools
+from crewai.tools.base_tool import BaseTool
+from crewai.utilities import Logger
+from crewai.utilities.converter import Converter
+from crewai.utilities.import_utils import require
 
 
 class LangGraphAgentAdapter(BaseAgentAdapter):
-    """Adapter for LangGraph agents to work with CrewAI."""
+    """Adapter for LangGraph agents to work with CrewAI.
 
-    model_config = {"arbitrary_types_allowed": True}
+    This adapter integrates LangGraph's ReAct agents with CrewAI's agent system,
+    providing memory persistence, tool integration, and structured output support.
+    """
 
-    _logger: Logger = PrivateAttr(default_factory=lambda: Logger())
+    model_config = ConfigDict(arbitrary_types_allowed=True)
+
+    _logger: Logger = PrivateAttr(default_factory=Logger)
     _tool_adapter: LangGraphToolAdapter = PrivateAttr()
     _graph: Any = PrivateAttr(default=None)
     _memory: Any = PrivateAttr(default=None)
     _max_iterations: int = PrivateAttr(default=10)
     function_calling_llm: Any = Field(default=None)
-    step_callback: Any = Field(default=None)
+    step_callback: Callable[..., Any] | None = Field(default=None)
 
     model: str = Field(default="gpt-4o")
     verbose: bool = Field(default=False)
@@ -51,17 +60,24 @@ class LangGraphAgentAdapter(BaseAgentAdapter):
         role: str,
         goal: str,
         backstory: str,
-        tools: Optional[List[BaseTool]] = None,
+        tools: list[BaseTool] | None = None,
         llm: Any = None,
         max_iterations: int = 10,
-        agent_config: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        agent_config: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         **kwargs,
-    ):
-        """Initialize the LangGraph agent adapter."""
-        if not LANGGRAPH_AVAILABLE:
-            raise ImportError(
-                "LangGraph Agent Dependencies are not installed. Please install it using `uv add langchain-core langgraph`"
-            )
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the LangGraph agent adapter.
+
+        Args:
+            role: The role description for the agent.
+            goal: The primary goal the agent should achieve.
+            backstory: Background information about the agent.
+            tools: Optional list of tools available to the agent.
+            llm: Language model to use, defaults to gpt-4o.
+            max_iterations: Maximum number of iterations for task execution.
+            agent_config: Additional configuration for the LangGraph agent.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to the base adapter.
+        """
         super().__init__(
             role=role,
             goal=goal,
@@ -72,46 +88,65 @@ class LangGraphAgentAdapter(BaseAgentAdapter):
             **kwargs,
         )
         self._tool_adapter = LangGraphToolAdapter(tools=tools)
-        self._converter_adapter = LangGraphConverterAdapter(self)
+        self._converter_adapter: LangGraphConverterAdapter = LangGraphConverterAdapter(
+            self
+        )
         self._max_iterations = max_iterations
         self._setup_graph()
 
     def _setup_graph(self) -> None:
-        """Set up the LangGraph workflow graph."""
-        try:
-            self._memory = MemorySaver()
+        """Set up the LangGraph workflow graph.
 
-            converted_tools: List[Any] = self._tool_adapter.tools()
-            if self._agent_config:
-                self._graph = create_react_agent(
-                    model=self.llm,
-                    tools=converted_tools,
-                    checkpointer=self._memory,
-                    debug=self.verbose,
-                    **self._agent_config,
-                )
-            else:
-                self._graph = create_react_agent(
-                    model=self.llm,
-                    tools=converted_tools or [],
-                    checkpointer=self._memory,
-                    debug=self.verbose,
-                )
+        Initializes the memory saver and creates a ReAct agent with the configured
+        tools, memory checkpointer, and debug settings.
+        """
 
-        except ImportError as e:
-            self._logger.log(
-                "error", f"Failed to import LangGraph dependencies: {str(e)}"
+        memory_saver: type[Any] = cast(
+            LangGraphCheckPointMemoryModule,
+            require(
+                "langgraph.checkpoint.memory",
+                purpose="LangGraph core functionality",
+            ),
+        ).MemorySaver
+        create_react_agent: Callable[..., Any] = cast(
+            LangGraphPrebuiltModule,
+            require(
+                "langgraph.prebuilt",
+                purpose="LangGraph core functionality",
+            ),
+        ).create_react_agent
+
+        self._memory = memory_saver()
+
+        converted_tools: list[Any] = self._tool_adapter.tools()
+        if self._agent_config:
+            self._graph = create_react_agent(
+                model=self.llm,
+                tools=converted_tools,
+                checkpointer=self._memory,
+                debug=self.verbose,
+                **self._agent_config,
+            )
+        else:
+            self._graph = create_react_agent(
+                model=self.llm,
+                tools=converted_tools or [],
+                checkpointer=self._memory,
+                debug=self.verbose,
             )
-            raise
-        except Exception as e:
-            self._logger.log("error", f"Error setting up LangGraph agent: {str(e)}")
-            raise
 
     def _build_system_prompt(self) -> str:
-        """Build a system prompt for the LangGraph agent."""
+        """Build a system prompt for the LangGraph agent.
+
+        Creates a prompt that includes the agent's role, goal, and backstory,
+        then enhances it through the converter adapter for structured output.
+
+        Returns:
+            The complete system prompt string.
+        """
         base_prompt = f"""
             You are {self.role}.
-        
+
             Your goal is: {self.goal}
 
             Your backstory: {self.backstory}
@@ -123,10 +158,25 @@ class LangGraphAgentAdapter(BaseAgentAdapter):
     def execute_task(
         self,
         task: Any,
-        context: Optional[str] = None,
-        tools: Optional[List[BaseTool]] = None,
+        context: str | None = None,
+        tools: list[BaseTool] | None = None,
     ) -> str:
-        """Execute a task using the LangGraph workflow."""
+        """Execute a task using the LangGraph workflow.
+
+        Configures the agent, processes the task through the LangGraph workflow,
+        and handles event emission for execution tracking.
+
+        Args:
+            task: The task object to execute.
+            context: Optional context information for the task.
+            tools: Optional additional tools for this specific execution.
+
+        Returns:
+            The final answer from the task execution.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If task execution fails.
+        """
         self.create_agent_executor(tools)
 
         self.configure_structured_output(task)
@@ -151,9 +201,11 @@ class LangGraphAgentAdapter(BaseAgentAdapter):
 
             session_id = f"task_{id(task)}"
 
-            config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": session_id}}
+            config: dict[str, dict[str, str]] = {
+                "configurable": {"thread_id": session_id}
+            }
 
-            result = self._graph.invoke(
+            result: dict[str, Any] = self._graph.invoke(
                 {
                     "messages": [
                         ("system", self._build_system_prompt()),
@@ -163,10 +215,10 @@ class LangGraphAgentAdapter(BaseAgentAdapter):
                 config,
             )
 
-            messages = result.get("messages", [])
-            last_message = messages[-1] if messages else None
+            messages: list[Any] = result.get("messages", [])
+            last_message: Any = messages[-1] if messages else None
 
-            final_answer = ""
+            final_answer: str = ""
             if isinstance(last_message, dict):
                 final_answer = last_message.get("content", "")
             elif hasattr(last_message, "content"):
@@ -186,7 +238,7 @@ class LangGraphAgentAdapter(BaseAgentAdapter):
             return final_answer
 
         except Exception as e:
-            self._logger.log("error", f"Error executing LangGraph task: {str(e)}")
+            self._logger.log("error", f"Error executing LangGraph task: {e!s}")
             crewai_event_bus.emit(
                 self,
                 event=AgentExecutionErrorEvent(
@@ -197,29 +249,67 @@ class LangGraphAgentAdapter(BaseAgentAdapter):
             )
             raise
 
-    def create_agent_executor(self, tools: Optional[List[BaseTool]] = None) -> None:
-        """Configure the LangGraph agent for execution."""
+    def create_agent_executor(self, tools: list[BaseTool] | None = None) -> None:
+        """Configure the LangGraph agent for execution.
+
+        Args:
+            tools: Optional tools to configure for the agent.
+        """
         self.configure_tools(tools)
 
-    def configure_tools(self, tools: Optional[List[BaseTool]] = None) -> None:
-        """Configure tools for the LangGraph agent."""
+    def configure_tools(self, tools: list[BaseTool] | None = None) -> None:
+        """Configure tools for the LangGraph agent.
+
+        Merges additional tools with existing ones and updates the graph's
+        available tools through the tool adapter.
+
+        Args:
+            tools: Optional additional tools to configure.
+        """
         if tools:
-            all_tools = list(self.tools or []) + list(tools or [])
+            all_tools: list[BaseTool] = list(self.tools or []) + list(tools or [])
             self._tool_adapter.configure_tools(all_tools)
-            available_tools = self._tool_adapter.tools()
+            available_tools: list[Any] = self._tool_adapter.tools()
             self._graph.tools = available_tools
 
-    def get_delegation_tools(self, agents: List[BaseAgent]) -> List[BaseTool]:
-        """Implement delegation tools support for LangGraph."""
-        agent_tools = AgentTools(agents=agents)
+    def get_delegation_tools(self, agents: list[BaseAgent]) -> list[BaseTool]:
+        """Implement delegation tools support for LangGraph.
+
+        Creates delegation tools that allow this agent to delegate tasks to other agents.
+
+        Args:
+            agents: List of agents available for delegation.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of delegation tools.
+        """
+        agent_tools: AgentTools = AgentTools(agents=agents)
         return agent_tools.tools()
 
+    @staticmethod
     def get_output_converter(
-        self, llm: Any, text: str, model: Any, instructions: str
-    ) -> Any:
-        """Convert output format if needed."""
+        llm: Any, text: str, model: Any, instructions: str
+    ) -> Converter:
+        """Convert output format if needed.
+
+        Args:
+            llm: Language model instance.
+            text: Text to convert.
+            model: Model configuration.
+            instructions: Conversion instructions.
+
+        Returns:
+            Converter instance for output transformation.
+        """
         return Converter(llm=llm, text=text, model=model, instructions=instructions)
 
-    def configure_structured_output(self, task) -> None:
-        """Configure the structured output for LangGraph."""
+    def configure_structured_output(self, task: Any) -> None:
+        """Configure the structured output for LangGraph.
+
+        Uses the converter adapter to set up structured output formatting
+        based on the task requirements.
+
+        Args:
+            task: Task object containing output requirements.
+        """
         self._converter_adapter.configure_structured_output(task)

src/crewai/agents/agent_adapters/langgraph/langgraph_tool_adapter.py

@@ -1,38 +1,72 @@
+"""LangGraph tool adapter for CrewAI tool integration.
+
+This module contains the LangGraphToolAdapter class that converts CrewAI tools
+to LangGraph-compatible format using langchain_core.tools.
+"""
+
 import inspect
-from typing import Any, List, Optional
+from collections.abc import Awaitable
+from typing import Any
 
 from crewai.agents.agent_adapters.base_tool_adapter import BaseToolAdapter
 from crewai.tools.base_tool import BaseTool
 
 
 class LangGraphToolAdapter(BaseToolAdapter):
-    """Adapts CrewAI tools to LangGraph agent tool compatible format"""
+    """Adapts CrewAI tools to LangGraph agent tool compatible format.
 
-    def __init__(self, tools: Optional[List[BaseTool]] = None):
-        self.original_tools = tools or []
-        self.converted_tools = []
+    Converts CrewAI BaseTool instances to langchain_core.tools format
+    that can be used by LangGraph agents.
+    """
 
-    def configure_tools(self, tools: List[BaseTool]) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, tools: list[BaseTool] | None = None) -> None:
+        """Initialize the tool adapter.
+
+        Args:
+            tools: Optional list of CrewAI tools to adapt.
         """
-        Configure and convert CrewAI tools to LangGraph-compatible format.
-        LangGraph expects tools in langchain_core.tools format.
-        """
-        from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool, StructuredTool
+        super().__init__()
+        self.original_tools: list[BaseTool] = tools or []
+        self.converted_tools: list[Any] = []
 
-        converted_tools = []
+    def configure_tools(self, tools: list[BaseTool]) -> None:
+        """Configure and convert CrewAI tools to LangGraph-compatible format.
+
+        LangGraph expects tools in langchain_core.tools format. This method
+        converts CrewAI BaseTool instances to StructuredTool instances.
+
+        Args:
+            tools: List of CrewAI tools to convert.
+        """
+        from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool as LangChainBaseTool
+        from langchain_core.tools import StructuredTool
+
+        converted_tools: list[Any] = []
         if self.original_tools:
-            all_tools = tools + self.original_tools
+            all_tools: list[BaseTool] = tools + self.original_tools
         else:
             all_tools = tools
         for tool in all_tools:
-            if isinstance(tool, BaseTool):
+            if isinstance(tool, LangChainBaseTool):
                 converted_tools.append(tool)
                 continue
 
-            sanitized_name = self.sanitize_tool_name(tool.name)
+            sanitized_name: str = self.sanitize_tool_name(tool.name)
 
-            async def tool_wrapper(*args, tool=tool, **kwargs):
-                output = None
+            async def tool_wrapper(
+                *args: Any, tool: BaseTool = tool, **kwargs: Any
+            ) -> Any:
+                """Wrapper function to adapt CrewAI tool calls to LangGraph format.
+
+                Args:
+                    *args: Positional arguments for the tool.
+                    tool: The CrewAI tool to wrap.
+                    **kwargs: Keyword arguments for the tool.
+
+                Returns:
+                    The result from the tool execution.
+                """
+                output: Any | Awaitable[Any]
                 if len(args) > 0 and isinstance(args[0], str):
                     output = tool.run(args[0])
                 elif "input" in kwargs:
@@ -41,12 +75,12 @@ class LangGraphToolAdapter(BaseToolAdapter):
                     output = tool.run(**kwargs)
 
                 if inspect.isawaitable(output):
-                    result = await output
+                    result: Any = await output
                 else:
                     result = output
                 return result
 
-            converted_tool = StructuredTool(
+            converted_tool: StructuredTool = StructuredTool(
                 name=sanitized_name,
                 description=tool.description,
                 func=tool_wrapper,
@@ -57,5 +91,10 @@ class LangGraphToolAdapter(BaseToolAdapter):
 
         self.converted_tools = converted_tools
 
-    def tools(self) -> List[Any]:
+    def tools(self) -> list[Any]:
+        """Get the list of converted tools.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of LangGraph-compatible tools.
+        """
         return self.converted_tools or []

src/crewai/agents/agent_adapters/langgraph/protocols.py

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+"""Type protocols for LangGraph modules."""
+
+from typing import Any, Protocol, runtime_checkable
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class LangGraphMemorySaver(Protocol):
+    """Protocol for LangGraph MemorySaver.
+
+    Defines the interface for LangGraph's memory persistence mechanism.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        """Initialize the memory saver."""
+        ...
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class LangGraphCheckPointMemoryModule(Protocol):
+    """Protocol for LangGraph checkpoint memory module.
+
+    Defines the interface for modules containing memory checkpoint functionality.
+    """
+
+    MemorySaver: type[LangGraphMemorySaver]
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class LangGraphPrebuiltModule(Protocol):
+    """Protocol for LangGraph prebuilt module.
+
+    Defines the interface for modules containing prebuilt agent factories.
+    """
+
+    def create_react_agent(
+        self,
+        model: Any,
+        tools: list[Any],
+        checkpointer: Any,
+        debug: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Create a ReAct agent with the given configuration.
+
+        Args:
+            model: The language model to use for the agent.
+            tools: List of tools available to the agent.
+            checkpointer: Memory checkpointer for state persistence.
+            debug: Whether to enable debug mode.
+            **kwargs: Additional configuration options.
+
+        Returns:
+            The configured ReAct agent instance.
+        """
+        ...

src/crewai/agents/agent_adapters/langgraph/structured_output_converter.py

@@ -1,21 +1,45 @@
+"""LangGraph structured output converter for CrewAI task integration.
+
+This module contains the LangGraphConverterAdapter class that handles structured
+output conversion for LangGraph agents, supporting JSON and Pydantic model formats.
+"""
+
 import json
+import re
+from typing import Any, Literal
 
 from crewai.agents.agent_adapters.base_converter_adapter import BaseConverterAdapter
 from crewai.utilities.converter import generate_model_description
 
 
 class LangGraphConverterAdapter(BaseConverterAdapter):
-    """Adapter for handling structured output conversion in LangGraph agents"""
+    """Adapter for handling structured output conversion in LangGraph agents.
 
-    def __init__(self, agent_adapter):
-        """Initialize the converter adapter with a reference to the agent adapter"""
-        self.agent_adapter = agent_adapter
-        self._output_format = None
-        self._schema = None
-        self._system_prompt_appendix = None
+    Converts task output requirements into system prompt modifications and
+    post-processing logic to ensure agents return properly structured outputs.
+    """
 
-    def configure_structured_output(self, task) -> None:
-        """Configure the structured output for LangGraph."""
+    def __init__(self, agent_adapter: Any) -> None:
+        """Initialize the converter adapter with a reference to the agent adapter.
+
+        Args:
+            agent_adapter: The LangGraph agent adapter instance.
+        """
+        super().__init__(agent_adapter=agent_adapter)
+        self.agent_adapter: Any = agent_adapter
+        self._output_format: Literal["json", "pydantic"] | None = None
+        self._schema: str | None = None
+        self._system_prompt_appendix: str | None = None
+
+    def configure_structured_output(self, task: Any) -> None:
+        """Configure the structured output for LangGraph.
+
+        Analyzes the task's output requirements and sets up the necessary
+        formatting and validation logic.
+
+        Args:
+            task: The task object containing output format specifications.
+        """
         if not (task.output_json or task.output_pydantic):
             self._output_format = None
             self._schema = None
@@ -32,7 +56,14 @@ class LangGraphConverterAdapter(BaseConverterAdapter):
         self._system_prompt_appendix = self._generate_system_prompt_appendix()
 
     def _generate_system_prompt_appendix(self) -> str:
-        """Generate an appendix for the system prompt to enforce structured output"""
+        """Generate an appendix for the system prompt to enforce structured output.
+
+        Creates instructions that are appended to the system prompt to guide
+        the agent in producing properly formatted output.
+
+        Returns:
+            System prompt appendix string, or empty string if no structured output.
+        """
         if not self._output_format or not self._schema:
             return ""
 
@@ -41,19 +72,36 @@ Important: Your final answer MUST be provided in the following structured format
 
 {self._schema}
 
-DO NOT include any markdown code blocks, backticks, or other formatting around your response. 
+DO NOT include any markdown code blocks, backticks, or other formatting around your response.
 The output should be raw JSON that exactly matches the specified schema.
 """
 
     def enhance_system_prompt(self, original_prompt: str) -> str:
-        """Add structured output instructions to the system prompt if needed"""
+        """Add structured output instructions to the system prompt if needed.
+
+        Args:
+            original_prompt: The base system prompt.
+
+        Returns:
+            Enhanced system prompt with structured output instructions.
+        """
         if not self._system_prompt_appendix:
             return original_prompt
 
         return f"{original_prompt}\n{self._system_prompt_appendix}"
 
     def post_process_result(self, result: str) -> str:
-        """Post-process the result to ensure it matches the expected format"""
+        """Post-process the result to ensure it matches the expected format.
+
+        Attempts to extract and validate JSON content from agent responses,
+        handling cases where JSON may be wrapped in markdown or other formatting.
+
+        Args:
+            result: The raw result string from the agent.
+
+        Returns:
+            Processed result string, ideally in valid JSON format.
+        """
         if not self._output_format:
             return result
 
@@ -65,16 +113,16 @@ The output should be raw JSON that exactly matches the specified schema.
                 return result
             except json.JSONDecodeError:
                 # Try to extract JSON from the text
-                import re
-
-                json_match = re.search(r"(\{.*\})", result, re.DOTALL)
+                json_match: re.Match[str] | None = re.search(
+                    r"(\{.*})", result, re.DOTALL
+                )
                 if json_match:
                     try:
-                        extracted = json_match.group(1)
+                        extracted: str = json_match.group(1)
                         # Validate it's proper JSON
                         json.loads(extracted)
                         return extracted
-                    except:
+                    except json.JSONDecodeError:
                         pass
 
         return result

src/crewai/agents/agent_adapters/openai_agents/openai_adapter.py

@@ -1,78 +1,99 @@
-from typing import Any, List, Optional
+"""OpenAI agents adapter for CrewAI integration.
 
-from pydantic import Field, PrivateAttr
+This module contains the OpenAIAgentAdapter class that integrates OpenAI Assistants
+with CrewAI's agent system, providing tool integration and structured output support.
+"""
+
+from typing import Any, cast
+
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, Field, PrivateAttr
+from typing_extensions import Unpack
 
 from crewai.agents.agent_adapters.base_agent_adapter import BaseAgentAdapter
+from crewai.agents.agent_adapters.openai_agents.openai_agent_tool_adapter import (
+    OpenAIAgentToolAdapter,
+)
+from crewai.agents.agent_adapters.openai_agents.protocols import (
+    AgentKwargs,
+    OpenAIAgentsModule,
+)
+from crewai.agents.agent_adapters.openai_agents.protocols import (
+    OpenAIAgent as OpenAIAgentProtocol,
+)
 from crewai.agents.agent_adapters.openai_agents.structured_output_converter import (
     OpenAIConverterAdapter,
 )
 from crewai.agents.agent_builder.base_agent import BaseAgent
-from crewai.tools import BaseTool
-from crewai.tools.agent_tools.agent_tools import AgentTools
-from crewai.utilities import Logger
 from crewai.events.event_bus import crewai_event_bus
 from crewai.events.types.agent_events import (
     AgentExecutionCompletedEvent,
     AgentExecutionErrorEvent,
     AgentExecutionStartedEvent,
 )
+from crewai.tools import BaseTool
+from crewai.tools.agent_tools.agent_tools import AgentTools
+from crewai.utilities import Logger
+from crewai.utilities.import_utils import require
 
-try:
-    from agents import Agent as OpenAIAgent  # type: ignore
-    from agents import Runner, enable_verbose_stdout_logging  # type: ignore
-
-    from .openai_agent_tool_adapter import OpenAIAgentToolAdapter
-
-    OPENAI_AVAILABLE = True
-except ImportError:
-    OPENAI_AVAILABLE = False
+openai_agents_module = cast(
+    OpenAIAgentsModule,
+    require(
+        "agents",
+        purpose="OpenAI agents functionality",
+    ),
+)
+OpenAIAgent = openai_agents_module.Agent
+Runner = openai_agents_module.Runner
+enable_verbose_stdout_logging = openai_agents_module.enable_verbose_stdout_logging
 
 
 class OpenAIAgentAdapter(BaseAgentAdapter):
-    """Adapter for OpenAI Assistants"""
+    """Adapter for OpenAI Assistants.
 
-    model_config = {"arbitrary_types_allowed": True}
+    Integrates OpenAI Assistants API with CrewAI's agent system, providing
+    tool configuration, structured output handling, and task execution.
+    """
 
-    _openai_agent: "OpenAIAgent" = PrivateAttr()
-    _logger: Logger = PrivateAttr(default_factory=lambda: Logger())
-    _active_thread: Optional[str] = PrivateAttr(default=None)
+    model_config = ConfigDict(arbitrary_types_allowed=True)
+
+    _openai_agent: OpenAIAgentProtocol = PrivateAttr()
+    _logger: Logger = PrivateAttr(default_factory=Logger)
+    _active_thread: str | None = PrivateAttr(default=None)
     function_calling_llm: Any = Field(default=None)
     step_callback: Any = Field(default=None)
-    _tool_adapter: "OpenAIAgentToolAdapter" = PrivateAttr()
+    _tool_adapter: OpenAIAgentToolAdapter = PrivateAttr()
     _converter_adapter: OpenAIConverterAdapter = PrivateAttr()
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        model: str = "gpt-4o-mini",
-        tools: Optional[List[BaseTool]] = None,
-        agent_config: Optional[dict] = None,
-        **kwargs,
-    ):
-        if not OPENAI_AVAILABLE:
-            raise ImportError(
-                "OpenAI Agent Dependencies are not installed. Please install it using `uv add openai-agents`"
-            )
-        else:
-            role = kwargs.pop("role", None)
-            goal = kwargs.pop("goal", None)
-            backstory = kwargs.pop("backstory", None)
-            super().__init__(
-                role=role,
-                goal=goal,
-                backstory=backstory,
-                tools=tools,
-                agent_config=agent_config,
-                **kwargs,
-            )
-            self._tool_adapter = OpenAIAgentToolAdapter(tools=tools)
-            self.llm = model
-            self._converter_adapter = OpenAIConverterAdapter(self)
+        **kwargs: Unpack[AgentKwargs],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the OpenAI agent adapter.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: All initialization arguments including role, goal, backstory,
+                     model, tools, and agent_config.
+
+        Raises:
+            ImportError: If OpenAI agent dependencies are not installed.
+        """
+        self.llm = kwargs.pop("model", "gpt-4o-mini")
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self._tool_adapter = OpenAIAgentToolAdapter(tools=kwargs.get("tools"))
+        self._converter_adapter = OpenAIConverterAdapter(agent_adapter=self)
 
     def _build_system_prompt(self) -> str:
-        """Build a system prompt for the OpenAI agent."""
+        """Build a system prompt for the OpenAI agent.
+
+        Creates a prompt containing the agent's role, goal, and backstory,
+        then enhances it with structured output instructions if needed.
+
+        Returns:
+            The complete system prompt string.
+        """
         base_prompt = f"""
             You are {self.role}.
-        
+
             Your goal is: {self.goal}
 
             Your backstory: {self.backstory}
@@ -84,10 +105,25 @@ class OpenAIAgentAdapter(BaseAgentAdapter):
     def execute_task(
         self,
         task: Any,
-        context: Optional[str] = None,
-        tools: Optional[List[BaseTool]] = None,
+        context: str | None = None,
+        tools: list[BaseTool] | None = None,
     ) -> str:
-        """Execute a task using the OpenAI Assistant"""
+        """Execute a task using the OpenAI Assistant.
+
+        Configures the assistant, processes the task, and handles event emission
+        for execution tracking.
+
+        Args:
+            task: The task object to execute.
+            context: Optional context information for the task.
+            tools: Optional additional tools for this execution.
+
+        Returns:
+            The final answer from the task execution.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If task execution fails.
+        """
         self._converter_adapter.configure_structured_output(task)
         self.create_agent_executor(tools)
 
@@ -95,7 +131,7 @@ class OpenAIAgentAdapter(BaseAgentAdapter):
             enable_verbose_stdout_logging()
 
         try:
-            task_prompt = task.prompt()
+            task_prompt: str = task.prompt()
             if context:
                 task_prompt = self.i18n.slice("task_with_context").format(
                     task=task_prompt, context=context
@@ -109,8 +145,8 @@ class OpenAIAgentAdapter(BaseAgentAdapter):
                     task=task,
                 ),
             )
-            result = self.agent_executor.run_sync(self._openai_agent, task_prompt)
-            final_answer = self.handle_execution_result(result)
+            result: Any = self.agent_executor.run_sync(self._openai_agent, task_prompt)
+            final_answer: str = self.handle_execution_result(result)
             crewai_event_bus.emit(
                 self,
                 event=AgentExecutionCompletedEvent(
@@ -120,7 +156,7 @@ class OpenAIAgentAdapter(BaseAgentAdapter):
             return final_answer
 
         except Exception as e:
-            self._logger.log("error", f"Error executing OpenAI task: {str(e)}")
+            self._logger.log("error", f"Error executing OpenAI task: {e!s}")
             crewai_event_bus.emit(
                 self,
                 event=AgentExecutionErrorEvent(
@@ -131,15 +167,22 @@ class OpenAIAgentAdapter(BaseAgentAdapter):
             )
             raise
 
-    def create_agent_executor(self, tools: Optional[List[BaseTool]] = None) -> None:
-        """
-        Configure the OpenAI agent for execution.
-        While OpenAI handles execution differently through Runner,
-        we can use this method to set up tools and configurations.
-        """
-        all_tools = list(self.tools or []) + list(tools or [])
+    def create_agent_executor(self, tools: list[BaseTool] | None = None) -> None:
+        """Configure the OpenAI agent for execution.
 
-        instructions = self._build_system_prompt()
+        While OpenAI handles execution differently through Runner,
+        this method sets up tools and agent configuration.
+
+        Args:
+            tools: Optional tools to configure for the agent.
+
+        Notes:
+            TODO: Properly type agent_executor in BaseAgent to avoid type issues
+            when assigning Runner class to this attribute.
+        """
+        all_tools: list[BaseTool] = list(self.tools or []) + list(tools or [])
+
+        instructions: str = self._build_system_prompt()
         self._openai_agent = OpenAIAgent(
             name=self.role,
             instructions=instructions,
@@ -152,27 +195,48 @@ class OpenAIAgentAdapter(BaseAgentAdapter):
 
         self.agent_executor = Runner
 
-    def configure_tools(self, tools: Optional[List[BaseTool]] = None) -> None:
-        """Configure tools for the OpenAI Assistant"""
+    def configure_tools(self, tools: list[BaseTool] | None = None) -> None:
+        """Configure tools for the OpenAI Assistant.
+
+        Args:
+            tools: Optional tools to configure for the assistant.
+        """
         if tools:
             self._tool_adapter.configure_tools(tools)
             if self._tool_adapter.converted_tools:
                 self._openai_agent.tools = self._tool_adapter.converted_tools
 
     def handle_execution_result(self, result: Any) -> str:
-        """Process OpenAI Assistant execution result converting any structured output to a string"""
+        """Process OpenAI Assistant execution result.
+
+        Converts any structured output to a string through the converter adapter.
+
+        Args:
+            result: The execution result from the OpenAI assistant.
+
+        Returns:
+            Processed result as a string.
+        """
         return self._converter_adapter.post_process_result(result.final_output)
 
-    def get_delegation_tools(self, agents: List[BaseAgent]) -> List[BaseTool]:
-        """Implement delegation tools support"""
-        agent_tools = AgentTools(agents=agents)
-        tools = agent_tools.tools()
-        return tools
+    def get_delegation_tools(self, agents: list[BaseAgent]) -> list[BaseTool]:
+        """Implement delegation tools support.
 
-    def configure_structured_output(self, task) -> None:
+        Creates delegation tools that allow this agent to delegate tasks to other agents.
+
+        Args:
+            agents: List of agents available for delegation.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of delegation tools.
+        """
+        agent_tools: AgentTools = AgentTools(agents=agents)
+        return agent_tools.tools()
+
+    def configure_structured_output(self, task: Any) -> None:
         """Configure the structured output for the specific agent implementation.
 
         Args:
-            structured_output: The structured output to be configured
+            task: The task object containing output format specifications.
         """
         self._converter_adapter.configure_structured_output(task)

src/crewai/agents/agent_adapters/openai_agents/openai_agent_tool_adapter.py

@@ -1,57 +1,125 @@
-import inspect
-from typing import Any, List, Optional
+"""OpenAI agent tool adapter for CrewAI tool integration.
 
-from agents import FunctionTool, Tool
+This module contains the OpenAIAgentToolAdapter class that converts CrewAI tools
+to OpenAI Assistant-compatible format using the agents library.
+"""
+
+import inspect
+import json
+import re
+from collections.abc import Awaitable
+from typing import Any, cast
 
 from crewai.agents.agent_adapters.base_tool_adapter import BaseToolAdapter
+from crewai.agents.agent_adapters.openai_agents.protocols import (
+    OpenAIFunctionTool,
+    OpenAITool,
+)
 from crewai.tools import BaseTool
+from crewai.utilities.import_utils import require
+
+agents_module = cast(
+    Any,
+    require(
+        "agents",
+        purpose="OpenAI agents functionality",
+    ),
+)
+FunctionTool = agents_module.FunctionTool
+Tool = agents_module.Tool
 
 
 class OpenAIAgentToolAdapter(BaseToolAdapter):
-    """Adapter for OpenAI Assistant tools"""
+    """Adapter for OpenAI Assistant tools.
 
-    def __init__(self, tools: Optional[List[BaseTool]] = None):
-        self.original_tools = tools or []
+    Converts CrewAI BaseTool instances to OpenAI Assistant FunctionTool format
+    that can be used by OpenAI agents.
+    """
 
-    def configure_tools(self, tools: List[BaseTool]) -> None:
-        """Configure tools for the OpenAI Assistant"""
+    def __init__(self, tools: list[BaseTool] | None = None) -> None:
+        """Initialize the tool adapter.
+
+        Args:
+            tools: Optional list of CrewAI tools to adapt.
+        """
+        super().__init__()
+        self.original_tools: list[BaseTool] = tools or []
+        self.converted_tools: list[OpenAITool] = []
+
+    def configure_tools(self, tools: list[BaseTool]) -> None:
+        """Configure tools for the OpenAI Assistant.
+
+        Merges provided tools with original tools and converts them to
+        OpenAI Assistant format.
+
+        Args:
+            tools: List of CrewAI tools to configure.
+        """
         if self.original_tools:
-            all_tools = tools + self.original_tools
+            all_tools: list[BaseTool] = tools + self.original_tools
         else:
             all_tools = tools
         if all_tools:
             self.converted_tools = self._convert_tools_to_openai_format(all_tools)
 
+    @staticmethod
     def _convert_tools_to_openai_format(
-        self, tools: Optional[List[BaseTool]]
-    ) -> List[Tool]:
-        """Convert CrewAI tools to OpenAI Assistant tool format"""
+        tools: list[BaseTool] | None,
+    ) -> list[OpenAITool]:
+        """Convert CrewAI tools to OpenAI Assistant tool format.
+
+        Args:
+            tools: List of CrewAI tools to convert.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of OpenAI Assistant FunctionTool instances.
+        """
         if not tools:
             return []
 
         def sanitize_tool_name(name: str) -> str:
-            """Convert tool name to match OpenAI's required pattern"""
-            import re
+            """Convert tool name to match OpenAI's required pattern.
 
-            sanitized = re.sub(r"[^a-zA-Z0-9_-]", "_", name).lower()
-            return sanitized
+            Args:
+                name: Original tool name.
 
-        def create_tool_wrapper(tool: BaseTool):
-            """Create a wrapper function that handles the OpenAI function tool interface"""
+            Returns:
+                Sanitized tool name matching OpenAI requirements.
+            """
+
+            return re.sub(r"[^a-zA-Z0-9_-]", "_", name).lower()
+
+        def create_tool_wrapper(tool: BaseTool) -> Any:
+            """Create a wrapper function that handles the OpenAI function tool interface.
+
+            Args:
+                tool: The CrewAI tool to wrap.
+
+            Returns:
+                Async wrapper function for OpenAI agent integration.
+            """
 
             async def wrapper(context_wrapper: Any, arguments: Any) -> Any:
+                """Wrapper function to adapt CrewAI tool calls to OpenAI format.
+
+                Args:
+                    context_wrapper: OpenAI context wrapper.
+                    arguments: Tool arguments from OpenAI.
+
+                Returns:
+                    Tool execution result.
+                """
                 # Get the parameter name from the schema
-                param_name = list(
-                    tool.args_schema.model_json_schema()["properties"].keys()
-                )[0]
+                param_name: str = next(
+                    iter(tool.args_schema.model_json_schema()["properties"].keys())
+                )
 
                 # Handle different argument types
+                args_dict: dict[str, Any]
                 if isinstance(arguments, dict):
                     args_dict = arguments
                 elif isinstance(arguments, str):
                     try:
-                        import json
-
                         args_dict = json.loads(arguments)
                     except json.JSONDecodeError:
                         args_dict = {param_name: arguments}
@@ -59,11 +127,11 @@ class OpenAIAgentToolAdapter(BaseToolAdapter):
                     args_dict = {param_name: str(arguments)}
 
                 # Run the tool with the processed arguments
-                output = tool._run(**args_dict)
+                output: Any | Awaitable[Any] = tool._run(**args_dict)
 
                 # Await if the tool returned a coroutine
                 if inspect.isawaitable(output):
-                    result = await output
+                    result: Any = await output
                 else:
                     result = output
 
@@ -74,17 +142,20 @@ class OpenAIAgentToolAdapter(BaseToolAdapter):
 
             return wrapper
 
-        openai_tools = []
+        openai_tools: list[OpenAITool] = []
         for tool in tools:
-            schema = tool.args_schema.model_json_schema()
+            schema: dict[str, Any] = tool.args_schema.model_json_schema()
 
             schema.update({"additionalProperties": False, "type": "object"})
 
-            openai_tool = FunctionTool(
-                name=sanitize_tool_name(tool.name),
-                description=tool.description,
-                params_json_schema=schema,
-                on_invoke_tool=create_tool_wrapper(tool),
+            openai_tool: OpenAIFunctionTool = cast(
+                OpenAIFunctionTool,
+                FunctionTool(
+                    name=sanitize_tool_name(tool.name),
+                    description=tool.description,
+                    params_json_schema=schema,
+                    on_invoke_tool=create_tool_wrapper(tool),
+                ),
             )
             openai_tools.append(openai_tool)
 

src/crewai/agents/agent_adapters/openai_agents/protocols.py

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+"""Type protocols for OpenAI agents modules."""
+
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any, Protocol, TypedDict, runtime_checkable
+
+from crewai.tools.base_tool import BaseTool
+
+
+class AgentKwargs(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Typed dict for agent initialization kwargs."""
+
+    role: str
+    goal: str
+    backstory: str
+    model: str
+    tools: list[BaseTool] | None
+    agent_config: dict[str, Any] | None
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class OpenAIAgent(Protocol):
+    """Protocol for OpenAI Agent."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        instructions: str,
+        model: str,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the OpenAI agent."""
+        ...
+
+    tools: list[Any]
+    output_type: Any
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class OpenAIRunner(Protocol):
+    """Protocol for OpenAI Runner."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def run_sync(cls, agent: OpenAIAgent, message: str) -> Any:
+        """Run agent synchronously with a message."""
+        ...
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class OpenAIAgentsModule(Protocol):
+    """Protocol for OpenAI agents module."""
+
+    Agent: type[OpenAIAgent]
+    Runner: type[OpenAIRunner]
+    enable_verbose_stdout_logging: Callable[[], None]
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class OpenAITool(Protocol):
+    """Protocol for OpenAI Tool."""
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class OpenAIFunctionTool(Protocol):
+    """Protocol for OpenAI FunctionTool."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        description: str,
+        params_json_schema: dict[str, Any],
+        on_invoke_tool: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the function tool."""
+        ...

src/crewai/agents/agent_adapters/openai_agents/structured_output_converter.py

@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
+"""OpenAI structured output converter for CrewAI task integration.
+
+This module contains the OpenAIConverterAdapter class that handles structured
+output conversion for OpenAI agents, supporting JSON and Pydantic model formats.
+"""
+
 import json
 import re
+from typing import Any, Literal
 
 from crewai.agents.agent_adapters.base_converter_adapter import BaseConverterAdapter
 from crewai.utilities.converter import generate_model_description
@@ -7,8 +14,7 @@ from crewai.utilities.i18n import I18N
 
 
 class OpenAIConverterAdapter(BaseConverterAdapter):
-    """
-    Adapter for handling structured output conversion in OpenAI agents.
+    """Adapter for handling structured output conversion in OpenAI agents.
 
     This adapter enhances the OpenAI agent to handle structured output formats
     and post-processes the results when needed.
@@ -19,19 +25,23 @@ class OpenAIConverterAdapter(BaseConverterAdapter):
         _output_model: The Pydantic model for the output
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, agent_adapter):
-        """Initialize the converter adapter with a reference to the agent adapter"""
-        self.agent_adapter = agent_adapter
-        self._output_format = None
-        self._schema = None
-        self._output_model = None
-
-    def configure_structured_output(self, task) -> None:
-        """
-        Configure the structured output for OpenAI agent based on task requirements.
+    def __init__(self, agent_adapter: Any) -> None:
+        """Initialize the converter adapter with a reference to the agent adapter.
 
         Args:
-            task: The task containing output format requirements
+            agent_adapter: The OpenAI agent adapter instance.
+        """
+        super().__init__(agent_adapter=agent_adapter)
+        self.agent_adapter: Any = agent_adapter
+        self._output_format: Literal["json", "pydantic"] | None = None
+        self._schema: str | None = None
+        self._output_model: Any = None
+
+    def configure_structured_output(self, task: Any) -> None:
+        """Configure the structured output for OpenAI agent based on task requirements.
+
+        Args:
+            task: The task containing output format requirements.
         """
         # Reset configuration
         self._output_format = None
@@ -55,19 +65,18 @@ class OpenAIConverterAdapter(BaseConverterAdapter):
             self._output_model = task.output_pydantic
 
     def enhance_system_prompt(self, base_prompt: str) -> str:
-        """
-        Enhance the base system prompt with structured output requirements if needed.
+        """Enhance the base system prompt with structured output requirements if needed.
 
         Args:
-            base_prompt: The original system prompt
+            base_prompt: The original system prompt.
 
         Returns:
-            Enhanced system prompt with output format instructions if needed
+            Enhanced system prompt with output format instructions if needed.
         """
         if not self._output_format:
             return base_prompt
 
-        output_schema = (
+        output_schema: str = (
             I18N()
             .slice("formatted_task_instructions")
             .format(output_format=self._schema)
@@ -76,16 +85,15 @@ class OpenAIConverterAdapter(BaseConverterAdapter):
         return f"{base_prompt}\n\n{output_schema}"
 
     def post_process_result(self, result: str) -> str:
-        """
-        Post-process the result to ensure it matches the expected format.
+        """Post-process the result to ensure it matches the expected format.
 
         This method attempts to extract valid JSON from the result if necessary.
 
         Args:
-            result: The raw result from the agent
+            result: The raw result from the agent.
 
         Returns:
-            Processed result conforming to the expected output format
+            Processed result conforming to the expected output format.
         """
         if not self._output_format:
             return result
@@ -97,26 +105,30 @@ class OpenAIConverterAdapter(BaseConverterAdapter):
                 return result
             except json.JSONDecodeError:
                 # Try to extract JSON from markdown code blocks
-                code_block_pattern = r"```(?:json)?\s*([\s\S]*?)```"
-                code_blocks = re.findall(code_block_pattern, result)
+                code_block_pattern: str = r"```(?:json)?\s*([\s\S]*?)```"
+                code_blocks: list[str] = re.findall(code_block_pattern, result)
 
                 for block in code_blocks:
+                    stripped_block = block.strip()
                     try:
-                        json.loads(block.strip())
-                        return block.strip()
+                        json.loads(stripped_block)
+                        return stripped_block
                     except json.JSONDecodeError:
-                        continue
+                        pass
 
                 # Try to extract any JSON-like structure
-                json_pattern = r"(\{[\s\S]*\})"
-                json_matches = re.findall(json_pattern, result, re.DOTALL)
+                json_pattern: str = r"(\{[\s\S]*\})"
+                json_matches: list[str] = re.findall(json_pattern, result, re.DOTALL)
 
                 for match in json_matches:
+                    is_valid = True
                     try:
                         json.loads(match)
-                        return match
                     except json.JSONDecodeError:
-                        continue
+                        is_valid = False
+
+                    if is_valid:
+                        return match
 
         # If all extraction attempts fail, return the original
         return str(result)

src/crewai/agents/agent_builder/utilities/base_output_converter.py

@@ -1,29 +1,32 @@
+"""Base output converter for transforming text into structured formats."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
 
 class OutputConverter(BaseModel, ABC):
-    """
-    Abstract base class for converting task results into structured formats.
+    """Abstract base class for converting text to structured formats.
 
-    This class provides a framework for converting unstructured text into
-    either Pydantic models or JSON, tailored for specific agent requirements.
-    It uses a language model to interpret and structure the input text based
-    on given instructions.
+    Uses language models to transform unstructured text into either Pydantic models
+    or JSON objects based on provided instructions and target schemas.
 
     Attributes:
-        text (str): The input text to be converted.
-        llm (Any): The language model used for conversion.
-        model (Any): The target model for structuring the output.
-        instructions (str): Specific instructions for the conversion process.
-        max_attempts (int): Maximum number of conversion attempts (default: 3).
+        text: The input text to be converted.
+        llm: The language model used for conversion.
+        model: The target Pydantic model class for structuring output.
+        instructions: Specific instructions for the conversion process.
+        max_attempts: Maximum number of conversion attempts (default: 3).
     """
 
     text: str = Field(description="Text to be converted.")
     llm: Any = Field(description="The language model to be used to convert the text.")
-    model: Any = Field(description="The model to be used to convert the text.")
+    model: type[BaseModel] = Field(
+        description="The model to be used to convert the text."
+    )
     instructions: str = Field(description="Conversion instructions to the LLM.")
     max_attempts: int = Field(
         description="Max number of attempts to try to get the output formatted.",
@@ -31,11 +34,23 @@ class OutputConverter(BaseModel, ABC):
     )
 
     @abstractmethod
-    def to_pydantic(self, current_attempt=1) -> BaseModel:
-        """Convert text to pydantic."""
-        pass
+    def to_pydantic(self, current_attempt: int = 1) -> BaseModel:
+        """Convert text to a Pydantic model instance.
+
+        Args:
+            current_attempt: Current attempt number for retry logic.
+
+        Returns:
+            Pydantic model instance with structured data.
+        """
 
     @abstractmethod
-    def to_json(self, current_attempt=1) -> dict:
-        """Convert text to json."""
-        pass
+    def to_json(self, current_attempt: int = 1) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Convert text to a JSON dictionary.
+
+        Args:
+            current_attempt: Current attempt number for retry logic.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dictionary containing structured JSON data.
+        """

src/crewai/agents/agent_builder/utilities/base_token_process.py

@@ -1,8 +1,25 @@
+"""Token usage tracking utilities.
+
+This module provides utilities for tracking token consumption and request
+metrics during agent execution.
+"""
+
 from crewai.types.usage_metrics import UsageMetrics
 
 
 class TokenProcess:
+    """Track token usage during agent processing.
+
+    Attributes:
+        total_tokens: Total number of tokens used.
+        prompt_tokens: Number of tokens used in prompts.
+        cached_prompt_tokens: Number of cached prompt tokens used.
+        completion_tokens: Number of tokens used in completions.
+        successful_requests: Number of successful requests made.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self) -> None:
+        """Initialize token tracking with zero values."""
         self.total_tokens: int = 0
         self.prompt_tokens: int = 0
         self.cached_prompt_tokens: int = 0
@@ -10,20 +27,45 @@ class TokenProcess:
         self.successful_requests: int = 0
 
     def sum_prompt_tokens(self, tokens: int) -> None:
+        """Add prompt tokens to the running totals.
+
+        Args:
+            tokens: Number of prompt tokens to add.
+        """
         self.prompt_tokens += tokens
         self.total_tokens += tokens
 
     def sum_completion_tokens(self, tokens: int) -> None:
+        """Add completion tokens to the running totals.
+
+        Args:
+            tokens: Number of completion tokens to add.
+        """
         self.completion_tokens += tokens
         self.total_tokens += tokens
 
     def sum_cached_prompt_tokens(self, tokens: int) -> None:
+        """Add cached prompt tokens to the running total.
+
+        Args:
+            tokens: Number of cached prompt tokens to add.
+        """
         self.cached_prompt_tokens += tokens
 
     def sum_successful_requests(self, requests: int) -> None:
+        """Add successful requests to the running total.
+
+        Args:
+            requests: Number of successful requests to add.
+        """
         self.successful_requests += requests
 
     def get_summary(self) -> UsageMetrics:
+        """Get a summary of all tracked metrics.
+
+        Returns:
+            UsageMetrics object with current totals.
+        """
         return UsageMetrics(
             total_tokens=self.total_tokens,
             prompt_tokens=self.prompt_tokens,

src/crewai/agents/cache/cache_handler.py

@@ -1,15 +1,45 @@
-from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
+"""Cache handler for tool usage results."""
+
+from typing import Any
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel, PrivateAttr
 
 
 class CacheHandler(BaseModel):
-    """Callback handler for tool usage."""
+    """Handles caching of tool execution results.
 
-    _cache: Dict[str, Any] = PrivateAttr(default_factory=dict)
+    Provides in-memory caching for tool outputs based on tool name and input.
 
-    def add(self, tool, input, output):
+    Notes:
+        - TODO: Make thread-safe.
+    """
+
+    _cache: dict[str, Any] = PrivateAttr(default_factory=dict)
+
+    def add(self, tool: str, input: str, output: Any) -> None:
+        """Add a tool result to the cache.
+
+        Args:
+            tool: Name of the tool.
+            input: Input string used for the tool.
+            output: Output result from tool execution.
+
+        Notes:
+            - TODO: Rename 'input' parameter to avoid shadowing builtin.
+        """
         self._cache[f"{tool}-{input}"] = output
 
-    def read(self, tool, input) -> Optional[str]:
+    def read(self, tool: str, input: str) -> Any | None:
+        """Retrieve a cached tool result.
+
+        Args:
+            tool: Name of the tool.
+            input: Input string used for the tool.
+
+        Returns:
+            Cached result if found, None otherwise.
+
+        Notes:
+            - TODO: Rename 'input' parameter to avoid shadowing builtin.
+        """
         return self._cache.get(f"{tool}-{input}")

src/crewai/cli/evaluate_crew.py

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ import subprocess
 
 import click
 
+from crewai.cli.subprocess_utils import run_command
+
 
 def evaluate_crew(n_iterations: int, model: str) -> None:
     """
@@ -17,7 +19,7 @@ def evaluate_crew(n_iterations: int, model: str) -> None:
         if n_iterations <= 0:
             raise ValueError("The number of iterations must be a positive integer.")
 
-        result = subprocess.run(command, capture_output=False, text=True, check=True)
+        result = run_command(command, capture_output=False, text=True, check=True)
 
         if result.stderr:
             click.echo(result.stderr, err=True)

src/crewai/cli/git.py

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import subprocess
 from functools import lru_cache
 
+from crewai.cli.subprocess_utils import run_command
+
 
 class Repository:
     def __init__(self, path="."):
@@ -17,7 +19,7 @@ class Repository:
     def is_git_installed(self) -> bool:
         """Check if Git is installed and available in the system."""
         try:
-            subprocess.run(
+            run_command(
                 ["git", "--version"], capture_output=True, check=True, text=True
             )
             return True
@@ -26,24 +28,29 @@ class Repository:
 
     def fetch(self) -> None:
         """Fetch latest updates from the remote."""
-        subprocess.run(["git", "fetch"], cwd=self.path, check=True)
+        run_command(["git", "fetch"], cwd=self.path, check=True)
 
     def status(self) -> str:
         """Get the git status in porcelain format."""
-        return subprocess.check_output(
+        result = run_command(
             ["git", "status", "--branch", "--porcelain"],
             cwd=self.path,
-            encoding="utf-8",
-        ).strip()
+            capture_output=True,
+            text=True,
+            check=True,
+        )
+        return result.stdout.strip()
 
     @lru_cache(maxsize=None)
     def is_git_repo(self) -> bool:
         """Check if the current directory is a git repository."""
         try:
-            subprocess.check_output(
+            run_command(
                 ["git", "rev-parse", "--is-inside-work-tree"],
                 cwd=self.path,
-                encoding="utf-8",
+                capture_output=True,
+                text=True,
+                check=True,
             )
             return True
         except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
@@ -70,7 +77,7 @@ class Repository:
     def origin_url(self) -> str | None:
         """Get the Git repository's remote URL."""
         try:
-            result = subprocess.run(
+            result = run_command(
                 ["git", "remote", "get-url", "origin"],
                 cwd=self.path,
                 capture_output=True,

src/crewai/cli/install_crew.py

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ import subprocess
 
 import click
 
+from crewai.cli.subprocess_utils import run_command
+
 
 # Be mindful about changing this.
 # on some environments we don't use this command but instead uv sync directly
@@ -12,8 +14,8 @@ def install_crew(proxy_options: list[str]) -> None:
     Install the crew by running the UV command to lock and install.
     """
     try:
-        command = ["uv", "sync"] + proxy_options
-        subprocess.run(command, check=True, capture_output=False, text=True)
+        command = ["uv", "sync", *proxy_options]
+        run_command(command, check=True, capture_output=False, text=True)
 
     except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
         click.echo(f"An error occurred while running the crew: {e}", err=True)

src/crewai/cli/kickoff_flow.py

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ import subprocess
 
 import click
 
+from crewai.cli.subprocess_utils import run_command
+
 
 def kickoff_flow() -> None:
     """
@@ -10,7 +12,7 @@ def kickoff_flow() -> None:
     command = ["uv", "run", "kickoff"]
 
     try:
-        result = subprocess.run(command, capture_output=False, text=True, check=True)
+        result = run_command(command, capture_output=False, text=True, check=True)
 
         if result.stderr:
             click.echo(result.stderr, err=True)

src/crewai/cli/plot_flow.py

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ import subprocess
 
 import click
 
+from crewai.cli.subprocess_utils import run_command
+
 
 def plot_flow() -> None:
     """
@@ -10,7 +12,7 @@ def plot_flow() -> None:
     command = ["uv", "run", "plot"]
 
     try:
-        result = subprocess.run(command, capture_output=False, text=True, check=True)
+        result = run_command(command, capture_output=False, text=True, check=True)
 
         if result.stderr:
             click.echo(result.stderr, err=True)

src/crewai/cli/replay_from_task.py

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ import subprocess
 
 import click
 
+from crewai.cli.subprocess_utils import run_command
+
 
 def replay_task_command(task_id: str) -> None:
     """
@@ -13,7 +15,7 @@ def replay_task_command(task_id: str) -> None:
     command = ["uv", "run", "replay", task_id]
 
     try:
-        result = subprocess.run(command, capture_output=False, text=True, check=True)
+        result = run_command(command, capture_output=False, text=True, check=True)
         if result.stderr:
             click.echo(result.stderr, err=True)
 

src/crewai/cli/run_crew.py

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 import subprocess
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import List, Optional
 
 import click
 from packaging import version
 
 from crewai.cli.utils import read_toml
 from crewai.cli.version import get_crewai_version
+from crewai.cli.subprocess_utils import run_command
 
 
 class CrewType(Enum):
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ def execute_command(crew_type: CrewType) -> None:
     command = ["uv", "run", "kickoff" if crew_type == CrewType.FLOW else "run_crew"]
 
     try:
-        subprocess.run(command, capture_output=False, text=True, check=True)
+        run_command(command, capture_output=False, text=True, check=True)
 
     except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
         handle_error(e, crew_type)

src/crewai/cli/subprocess_utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import platform
+import subprocess
+from typing import Any
+
+
+def run_command(
+    command: list[str],
+    capture_output: bool = False,
+    text: bool = True,
+    check: bool = True,
+    cwd: str | None = None,
+    env: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    **kwargs: Any
+) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess:
+    """
+    Cross-platform subprocess execution with Windows compatibility.
+
+    On Windows, uses shell=True to avoid permission issues with restrictive
+    security policies. On other platforms, uses the standard approach.
+
+    Args:
+        command: List of command arguments
+        capture_output: Whether to capture stdout/stderr
+        text: Whether to use text mode
+        check: Whether to raise CalledProcessError on non-zero exit
+        cwd: Working directory
+        env: Environment variables
+        **kwargs: Additional subprocess.run arguments
+
+    Returns:
+        CompletedProcess instance
+
+    Raises:
+        subprocess.CalledProcessError: If check=True and command fails
+    """
+    if platform.system() == "Windows":
+        if isinstance(command, list):
+            command_str = subprocess.list2cmdline(command)
+        else:
+            command_str = command
+
+        return subprocess.run(
+            command_str,
+            shell=True,
+            capture_output=capture_output,
+            text=text,
+            check=check,
+            cwd=cwd,
+            env=env,
+            **kwargs
+        )
+    return subprocess.run(
+        command,
+        capture_output=capture_output,
+        text=text,
+        check=check,
+        cwd=cwd,
+        env=env,
+        **kwargs
+    )

src/crewai/cli/templates/crew/pyproject.toml

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ description = "{{name}} using crewAI"
 authors = [{ name = "Your Name", email = "you@example.com" }]
 requires-python = ">=3.10,<3.14"
 dependencies = [
-    "crewai[tools]>=0.177.0,<1.0.0"
+    "crewai[tools]>=0.186.1,<1.0.0"
 ]
 
 [project.scripts]

src/crewai/cli/templates/flow/pyproject.toml

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ description = "{{name}} using crewAI"
 authors = [{ name = "Your Name", email = "you@example.com" }]
 requires-python = ">=3.10,<3.14"
 dependencies = [
-    "crewai[tools]>=0.177.0,<1.0.0",
+    "crewai[tools]>=0.186.1,<1.0.0",
 ]
 
 [project.scripts]

src/crewai/cli/templates/tool/pyproject.toml

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ description = "Power up your crews with {{folder_name}}"
 readme = "README.md"
 requires-python = ">=3.10,<3.14"
 dependencies = [
-    "crewai[tools]>=0.177.0"
+    "crewai[tools]>=0.186.1"
 ]
 
 [tool.crewai]

src/crewai/cli/tools/main.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import base64
 import os
-import subprocess
 import tempfile
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
@@ -11,6 +10,7 @@ from rich.console import Console
 from crewai.cli import git
 from crewai.cli.command import BaseCommand, PlusAPIMixin
 from crewai.cli.config import Settings
+from crewai.cli.subprocess_utils import run_command
 from crewai.cli.utils import (
     extract_available_exports,
     get_project_description,
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class ToolCommand(BaseCommand, PlusAPIMixin):
         os.chdir(project_root)
         try:
             self.login()
-            subprocess.run(["git", "init"], check=True)
+            run_command(["git", "init"], check=True)
             console.print(
                 f"[green]Created custom tool [bold]{folder_name}[/bold]. Run [bold]cd {project_root}[/bold] to start working.[/green]"
             )
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class ToolCommand(BaseCommand, PlusAPIMixin):
         self._print_current_organization()
 
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as temp_build_dir:
-            subprocess.run(
+            run_command(
                 ["uv", "build", "--sdist", "--out-dir", temp_build_dir],
                 check=True,
                 capture_output=False,
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ class ToolCommand(BaseCommand, PlusAPIMixin):
         else:
             add_package_command.extend(["--index", index, tool_handle])
 
-        add_package_result = subprocess.run(
+        add_package_result = run_command(
             add_package_command,
             capture_output=False,
             env=self._build_env_with_credentials(repository_handle),

src/crewai/cli/train_crew.py

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ import subprocess
 
 import click
 
+from crewai.cli.subprocess_utils import run_command
+
 
 def train_crew(n_iterations: int, filename: str) -> None:
     """
@@ -19,7 +21,7 @@ def train_crew(n_iterations: int, filename: str) -> None:
         if not filename.endswith(".pkl"):
             raise ValueError("The filename must not end with .pkl")
 
-        result = subprocess.run(command, capture_output=False, text=True, check=True)
+        result = run_command(command, capture_output=False, text=True, check=True)
 
         if result.stderr:
             click.echo(result.stderr, err=True)

src/crewai/context.py

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import os
+import contextvars
+from typing import Optional
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+_platform_integration_token: contextvars.ContextVar[Optional[str]] = contextvars.ContextVar(
+    "platform_integration_token", default=None
+)
+
+def set_platform_integration_token(integration_token: str) -> None:
+    _platform_integration_token.set(integration_token)
+
+def get_platform_integration_token() -> Optional[str]:
+    token = _platform_integration_token.get()
+    if token is None:
+        token = os.getenv("CREWAI_PLATFORM_INTEGRATION_TOKEN")
+    return token
+
+@contextmanager
+def platform_context(integration_token: str):
+    token = _platform_integration_token.set(integration_token)
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        _platform_integration_token.reset(token)

src/crewai/llms/base_llm.py

@@ -1,5 +1,14 @@
+"""Base LLM abstract class for CrewAI.
+
+This module provides the abstract base class for all LLM implementations
+in CrewAI.
+"""
+
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any, Final
+
+DEFAULT_CONTEXT_WINDOW_SIZE: Final[int] = 4096
+DEFAULT_SUPPORTS_STOP_WORDS: Final[bool] = True
 
 
 class BaseLLM(ABC):
@@ -15,41 +24,38 @@ class BaseLLM(ABC):
     messages when things go wrong.
 
     Attributes:
-        stop (list): A list of stop sequences that the LLM should use to stop generation.
-            This is used by the CrewAgentExecutor and other components.
+        model: The model identifier/name.
+        temperature: Optional temperature setting for response generation.
+        stop: A list of stop sequences that the LLM should use to stop generation.
     """
 
-    model: str
-    temperature: Optional[float] = None
-    stop: Optional[List[str]] = None
-
     def __init__(
         self,
         model: str,
-        temperature: Optional[float] = None,
-    ):
+        temperature: float | None = None,
+        stop: list[str] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
         """Initialize the BaseLLM with default attributes.
 
-        This constructor sets default values for attributes that are expected
-        by the CrewAgentExecutor and other components.
-
-        All custom LLM implementations should call super().__init__() to ensure
-        that these default attributes are properly initialized.
+        Args:
+            model: The model identifier/name.
+            temperature: Optional temperature setting for response generation.
+            stop: Optional list of stop sequences for generation.
         """
         self.model = model
         self.temperature = temperature
-        self.stop = []
+        self.stop: list[str] = stop or []
 
     @abstractmethod
     def call(
         self,
-        messages: Union[str, List[Dict[str, str]]],
-        tools: Optional[List[dict]] = None,
-        callbacks: Optional[List[Any]] = None,
-        available_functions: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        from_task: Optional[Any] = None,
-        from_agent: Optional[Any] = None,
-    ) -> Union[str, Any]:
+        messages: str | list[dict[str, str]],
+        tools: list[dict] | None = None,
+        callbacks: list[Any] | None = None,
+        available_functions: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        from_task: Any | None = None,
+        from_agent: Any | None = None,
+    ) -> str | Any:
         """Call the LLM with the given messages.
 
         Args:
@@ -64,6 +70,7 @@ class BaseLLM(ABC):
             available_functions: Optional dict mapping function names to callables
                                that can be invoked by the LLM.
             from_task: Optional task caller to be used for the LLM call.
+            from_agent: Optional agent caller to be used for the LLM call.
 
         Returns:
             Either a text response from the LLM (str) or
@@ -74,21 +81,20 @@ class BaseLLM(ABC):
             TimeoutError: If the LLM request times out.
             RuntimeError: If the LLM request fails for other reasons.
         """
-        pass
 
     def supports_stop_words(self) -> bool:
         """Check if the LLM supports stop words.
 
         Returns:
-            bool: True if the LLM supports stop words, False otherwise.
+            True if the LLM supports stop words, False otherwise.
         """
-        return True  # Default implementation assumes support for stop words
+        return DEFAULT_SUPPORTS_STOP_WORDS
 
     def get_context_window_size(self) -> int:
         """Get the context window size for the LLM.
 
         Returns:
-            int: The number of tokens/characters the model can handle.
+            The number of tokens/characters the model can handle.
         """
         # Default implementation - subclasses should override with model-specific values
-        return 4096
+        return DEFAULT_CONTEXT_WINDOW_SIZE

src/crewai/llms/third_party/ai_suite.py

@@ -1,24 +1,62 @@
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Union
+"""AI Suite LLM integration for CrewAI.
 
-import aisuite as ai
+This module provides integration with AI Suite for LLM capabilities.
+"""
+
+from typing import Any
+
+import aisuite as ai  # type: ignore
 
 from crewai.llms.base_llm import BaseLLM
 
 
 class AISuiteLLM(BaseLLM):
-    def __init__(self, model: str, temperature: Optional[float] = None, **kwargs):
-        super().__init__(model, temperature, **kwargs)
+    """AI Suite LLM implementation.
+
+    This class provides integration with AI Suite models through the BaseLLM interface.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        model: str,
+        temperature: float | None = None,
+        stop: list[str] | None = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the AI Suite LLM.
+
+        Args:
+            model: The model identifier for AI Suite.
+            temperature: Optional temperature setting for response generation.
+            stop: Optional list of stop sequences for generation.
+            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments passed to the AI Suite client.
+        """
+        super().__init__(model, temperature, stop)
         self.client = ai.Client()
+        self.kwargs = kwargs
 
     def call(
         self,
-        messages: Union[str, List[Dict[str, str]]],
-        tools: Optional[List[dict]] = None,
-        callbacks: Optional[List[Any]] = None,
-        available_functions: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        from_task: Optional[Any] = None,
-        from_agent: Optional[Any] = None,
-    ) -> Union[str, Any]:
+        messages: str | list[dict[str, str]],
+        tools: list[dict] | None = None,
+        callbacks: list[Any] | None = None,
+        available_functions: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        from_task: Any | None = None,
+        from_agent: Any | None = None,
+    ) -> str | Any:
+        """Call the AI Suite LLM with the given messages.
+
+        Args:
+            messages: Input messages for the LLM.
+            tools: Optional list of tool schemas for function calling.
+            callbacks: Optional list of callback functions.
+            available_functions: Optional dict mapping function names to callables.
+            from_task: Optional task caller.
+            from_agent: Optional agent caller.
+
+        Returns:
+            The text response from the LLM.
+        """
         completion_params = self._prepare_completion_params(messages, tools)
         response = self.client.chat.completions.create(**completion_params)
 
@@ -26,15 +64,35 @@ class AISuiteLLM(BaseLLM):
 
     def _prepare_completion_params(
         self,
-        messages: Union[str, List[Dict[str, str]]],
-        tools: Optional[List[dict]] = None,
-    ) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-        return {
+        messages: str | list[dict[str, str]],
+        tools: list[dict] | None = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Prepare parameters for the AI Suite completion call.
+
+        Args:
+            messages: Input messages for the LLM.
+            tools: Optional list of tool schemas.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dictionary of parameters for the completion API.
+        """
+        params: dict[str, Any] = {
             "model": self.model,
             "messages": messages,
             "temperature": self.temperature,
             "tools": tools,
+            **self.kwargs,
         }
 
+        if self.stop:
+            params["stop"] = self.stop
+
+        return params
+
     def supports_function_calling(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the LLM supports function calling.
+
+        Returns:
+            False, as AI Suite does not currently support function calling.
+        """
         return False

src/crewai/memory/storage/mem0_storage.py

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 import os
-from typing import Any, Dict, List
+import re
 from collections import defaultdict
-from mem0 import Memory, MemoryClient
-from crewai.utilities.chromadb import sanitize_collection_name
+from typing import Any, Iterable
+
+from mem0 import Memory, MemoryClient  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
 
 from crewai.memory.storage.interface import Storage
+from crewai.utilities.chromadb import sanitize_collection_name
 
 MAX_AGENT_ID_LENGTH_MEM0 = 255
 
@@ -86,9 +88,28 @@ class Mem0Storage(Storage):
 
         return filter
 
-    def save(self, value: Any, metadata: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+    def save(self, value: Any, metadata: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        def _last_content(messages: Iterable[dict[str, Any]], role: str) -> str:
+            return next(
+                (m.get("content", "") for m in reversed(list(messages)) if m.get("role") == role),
+                ""
+            )
+        
+        conversations = []
+        messages = metadata.pop("messages", None)
+        if messages:
+            last_user = _last_content(messages, "user")
+            last_assistant = _last_content(messages, "assistant")
+
+            if user_msg := self._get_user_message(last_user):
+                conversations.append({"role": "user", "content": user_msg})
+                
+            if assistant_msg := self._get_assistant_message(last_assistant):
+                conversations.append({"role": "assistant", "content": assistant_msg})
+        else:
+            conversations.append({"role": "assistant", "content": value})
+
         user_id = self.config.get("user_id", "")
-        assistant_message = [{"role" : "assistant","content" : value}]
 
         base_metadata = {
             "short_term": "short_term",
@@ -119,9 +140,9 @@ class Mem0Storage(Storage):
         if agent_id := self.config.get("agent_id", self._get_agent_name()):
             params["agent_id"] = agent_id
 
-        self.memory.add(assistant_message, **params)
+        self.memory.add(conversations, **params)
 
-    def search(self,query: str,limit: int = 3,score_threshold: float = 0.35) -> List[Any]:
+    def search(self,query: str,limit: int = 3,score_threshold: float = 0.35) -> list[Any]:
         params = {
             "query": query,
             "limit": limit,
@@ -160,7 +181,7 @@ class Mem0Storage(Storage):
         # This makes it compatible for Contextual Memory to retrieve
         for result in results["results"]:
             result["context"] = result["memory"]
-        
+
         return [r for r in results["results"]]
 
     def reset(self):
@@ -181,3 +202,16 @@ class Mem0Storage(Storage):
         agents = [self._sanitize_role(agent.role) for agent in agents]
         agents = "_".join(agents)
         return sanitize_collection_name(name=agents, max_collection_length=MAX_AGENT_ID_LENGTH_MEM0)
+
+    def _get_assistant_message(self, text: str) -> str:
+        marker = "Final Answer:"
+        if marker in text:
+            return text.split(marker, 1)[1].strip()
+        return text
+
+    def _get_user_message(self, text: str) -> str:
+        pattern = r"User message:\s*(.*)"
+        match = re.search(pattern, text)
+        if match:
+            return match.group(1).strip()
+        return text

src/crewai/project/crew_base.py

@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 import inspect
 import logging
+from collections.abc import Callable
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, TypeVar, cast, List
-from crewai.tools import BaseTool
+from typing import Any, TypeVar, cast
 
 import yaml
 from dotenv import load_dotenv
 
+from crewai.tools import BaseTool
+
 load_dotenv()
 
 T = TypeVar("T", bound=type)
@@ -14,7 +16,7 @@ T = TypeVar("T", bound=type)
 """Base decorator for creating crew classes with configuration and function management."""
 
 
-def CrewBase(cls: T) -> T:
+def CrewBase(cls: T) -> T:  # noqa: N802
     """Wraps a class with crew functionality and configuration management."""
 
     class WrappedClass(cls):  # type: ignore
@@ -29,6 +31,7 @@ def CrewBase(cls: T) -> T:
         original_tasks_config_path = getattr(cls, "tasks_config", "config/tasks.yaml")
 
         mcp_server_params: Any = getattr(cls, "mcp_server_params", None)
+        mcp_connect_timeout: int = getattr(cls, "mcp_connect_timeout", 30)
 
         def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
             super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -86,15 +89,18 @@ def CrewBase(cls: T) -> T:
             import types
             return types.MethodType(_close_mcp_server, self)
 
-        def get_mcp_tools(self, *tool_names: list[str]) -> List[BaseTool]:
+        def get_mcp_tools(self, *tool_names: list[str]) -> list[BaseTool]:
             if not self.mcp_server_params:
                 return []
 
-            from crewai_tools import MCPServerAdapter
+            from crewai_tools import MCPServerAdapter  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
 
             adapter = getattr(self, '_mcp_server_adapter', None)
             if not adapter:
-                self._mcp_server_adapter = MCPServerAdapter(self.mcp_server_params)
+                self._mcp_server_adapter = MCPServerAdapter(
+                    self.mcp_server_params,
+                    connect_timeout=self.mcp_connect_timeout
+                )
 
             return self._mcp_server_adapter.tools.filter_by_names(tool_names or None)
 
@@ -154,8 +160,8 @@ def CrewBase(cls: T) -> T:
             }
 
         def _filter_functions(
-            self, functions: Dict[str, Callable], attribute: str
-        ) -> Dict[str, Callable]:
+            self, functions: dict[str, Callable], attribute: str
+        ) -> dict[str, Callable]:
             return {
                 name: func
                 for name, func in functions.items()
@@ -184,11 +190,11 @@ def CrewBase(cls: T) -> T:
         def _map_agent_variables(
             self,
             agent_name: str,
-            agent_info: Dict[str, Any],
-            llms: Dict[str, Callable],
-            tool_functions: Dict[str, Callable],
-            cache_handler_functions: Dict[str, Callable],
-            callbacks: Dict[str, Callable],
+            agent_info: dict[str, Any],
+            llms: dict[str, Callable],
+            tool_functions: dict[str, Callable],
+            cache_handler_functions: dict[str, Callable],
+            callbacks: dict[str, Callable],
         ) -> None:
             if llm := agent_info.get("llm"):
                 try:
@@ -245,13 +251,13 @@ def CrewBase(cls: T) -> T:
         def _map_task_variables(
             self,
             task_name: str,
-            task_info: Dict[str, Any],
-            agents: Dict[str, Callable],
-            tasks: Dict[str, Callable],
-            output_json_functions: Dict[str, Callable],
-            tool_functions: Dict[str, Callable],
-            callback_functions: Dict[str, Callable],
-            output_pydantic_functions: Dict[str, Callable],
+            task_info: dict[str, Any],
+            agents: dict[str, Callable],
+            tasks: dict[str, Callable],
+            output_json_functions: dict[str, Callable],
+            tool_functions: dict[str, Callable],
+            callback_functions: dict[str, Callable],
+            output_pydantic_functions: dict[str, Callable],
         ) -> None:
             if context_list := task_info.get("context"):
                 self.tasks_config[task_name]["context"] = [

src/crewai/security/constants.py

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+"""Security constants for CrewAI.
+
+This module contains security-related constants used throughout the security module.
+
+Notes:
+    - TODO: Determine if CREW_AI_NAMESPACE should be made dynamic or configurable
+"""
+
+from typing import Annotated
+from uuid import UUID
+
+CREW_AI_NAMESPACE: Annotated[
+    UUID,
+    "Create a deterministic UUID using v5 (SHA-1). Custom namespace for CrewAI to enhance security.",
+] = UUID("f47ac10b-58cc-4372-a567-0e02b2c3d479")

src/crewai/security/fingerprint.py

@@ -1,130 +1,123 @@
-"""
-Fingerprint Module
+"""Fingerprint Module
 
 This module provides functionality for generating and validating unique identifiers
 for CrewAI agents. These identifiers are used for tracking, auditing, and security.
 """
 
-import uuid
 from datetime import datetime
-from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
+from typing import Annotated, Any
+from uuid import UUID, uuid4, uuid5
 
-from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field, field_validator
+from pydantic import BaseModel, BeforeValidator, Field, PrivateAttr
+from typing_extensions import Self
+
+from crewai.security.constants import CREW_AI_NAMESPACE
+
+
+def _validate_metadata(v: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Validate that metadata is a dictionary with string keys and valid values."""
+    if not isinstance(v, dict):
+        raise ValueError("Metadata must be a dictionary")
+
+    # Validate that all keys are strings
+    for key, value in v.items():
+        if not isinstance(key, str):
+            raise ValueError(f"Metadata keys must be strings, got {type(key)}")
+
+        # Validate nested dictionaries (prevent deeply nested structures)
+        if isinstance(value, dict):
+            # Check for nested dictionaries (limit depth to 1)
+            for nested_key, nested_value in value.items():
+                if not isinstance(nested_key, str):
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"Nested metadata keys must be strings, got {type(nested_key)}"
+                    )
+                if isinstance(nested_value, dict):
+                    raise ValueError("Metadata can only be nested one level deep")
+
+    # Check for maximum metadata size (prevent DoS)
+    if len(str(v)) > 10_000:  # Limit metadata size to 10KB
+        raise ValueError("Metadata size exceeds maximum allowed (10KB)")
+
+    return v
 
 
 class Fingerprint(BaseModel):
-    """
-    A class for generating and managing unique identifiers for agents.
+    """A class for generating and managing unique identifiers for agents.
 
     Each agent has dual identifiers:
     - Human-readable ID: For debugging and reference (derived from role if not specified)
     - Fingerprint UUID: Unique runtime identifier for tracking and auditing
 
     Attributes:
-        uuid_str (str): String representation of the UUID for this fingerprint, auto-generated
-        created_at (datetime): When this fingerprint was created, auto-generated
-        metadata (Dict[str, Any]): Additional metadata associated with this fingerprint
+        uuid_str: String representation of the UUID for this fingerprint, auto-generated
+        created_at: When this fingerprint was created, auto-generated
+        metadata: Additional metadata associated with this fingerprint
     """
 
-    uuid_str: str = Field(default_factory=lambda: str(uuid.uuid4()), description="String representation of the UUID")
-    created_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=datetime.now, description="When this fingerprint was created")
-    metadata: Dict[str, Any] = Field(default_factory=dict, description="Additional metadata for this fingerprint")
-
-    model_config = ConfigDict(arbitrary_types_allowed=True)
-    
-    @field_validator('metadata')
-    @classmethod
-    def validate_metadata(cls, v):
-        """Validate that metadata is a dictionary with string keys and valid values."""
-        if not isinstance(v, dict):
-            raise ValueError("Metadata must be a dictionary")
-        
-        # Validate that all keys are strings
-        for key, value in v.items():
-            if not isinstance(key, str):
-                raise ValueError(f"Metadata keys must be strings, got {type(key)}")
-            
-            # Validate nested dictionaries (prevent deeply nested structures)
-            if isinstance(value, dict):
-                # Check for nested dictionaries (limit depth to 1)
-                for nested_key, nested_value in value.items():
-                    if not isinstance(nested_key, str):
-                        raise ValueError(f"Nested metadata keys must be strings, got {type(nested_key)}")
-                    if isinstance(nested_value, dict):
-                        raise ValueError("Metadata can only be nested one level deep")
-        
-        # Check for maximum metadata size (prevent DoS)
-        if len(str(v)) > 10000:  # Limit metadata size to 10KB
-            raise ValueError("Metadata size exceeds maximum allowed (10KB)")
-            
-        return v
-
-    def __init__(self, **data):
-        """Initialize a Fingerprint with auto-generated uuid_str and created_at."""
-        # Remove uuid_str and created_at from data to ensure they're auto-generated
-        if 'uuid_str' in data:
-            data.pop('uuid_str')
-        if 'created_at' in data:
-            data.pop('created_at')
-
-        # Call the parent constructor with the modified data
-        super().__init__(**data)
+    _uuid_str: str = PrivateAttr(default_factory=lambda: str(uuid4()))
+    _created_at: datetime = PrivateAttr(default_factory=datetime.now)
+    metadata: Annotated[dict[str, Any], BeforeValidator(_validate_metadata)] = Field(
+        default_factory=dict
+    )
 
     @property
-    def uuid(self) -> uuid.UUID:
+    def uuid_str(self) -> str:
+        """Get the string representation of the UUID for this fingerprint."""
+        return self._uuid_str
+
+    @property
+    def created_at(self) -> datetime:
+        """Get the creation timestamp for this fingerprint."""
+        return self._created_at
+
+    @property
+    def uuid(self) -> UUID:
         """Get the UUID object for this fingerprint."""
-        return uuid.UUID(self.uuid_str)
+        return UUID(self.uuid_str)
 
     @classmethod
     def _generate_uuid(cls, seed: str) -> str:
-        """
-        Generate a deterministic UUID based on a seed string.
+        """Generate a deterministic UUID based on a seed string.
 
         Args:
-            seed (str): The seed string to use for UUID generation
+            seed: The seed string to use for UUID generation
 
         Returns:
-            str: A string representation of the UUID consistently generated from the seed
+            A string representation of the UUID consistently generated from the seed
         """
-        if not isinstance(seed, str):
-            raise ValueError("Seed must be a string")
-        
         if not seed.strip():
             raise ValueError("Seed cannot be empty or whitespace")
-            
-        # Create a deterministic UUID using v5 (SHA-1)
-        # Custom namespace for CrewAI to enhance security
 
-        # Using a unique namespace specific to CrewAI to reduce collision risks
-        CREW_AI_NAMESPACE = uuid.UUID('f47ac10b-58cc-4372-a567-0e02b2c3d479')
-        return str(uuid.uuid5(CREW_AI_NAMESPACE, seed))
+        return str(uuid5(CREW_AI_NAMESPACE, seed))
 
     @classmethod
-    def generate(cls, seed: Optional[str] = None, metadata: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None) -> 'Fingerprint':
-        """
-        Static factory method to create a new Fingerprint.
+    def generate(
+        cls, seed: str | None = None, metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Static factory method to create a new Fingerprint.
 
         Args:
-            seed (Optional[str]): A string to use as seed for the UUID generation.
+            seed: A string to use as seed for the UUID generation.
                 If None, a random UUID is generated.
-            metadata (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]): Additional metadata to store with the fingerprint.
+            metadata: Additional metadata to store with the fingerprint.
 
         Returns:
-            Fingerprint: A new Fingerprint instance
+            A new Fingerprint instance
         """
         fingerprint = cls(metadata=metadata or {})
         if seed:
-            # For seed-based generation, we need to manually set the uuid_str after creation
-            object.__setattr__(fingerprint, 'uuid_str', cls._generate_uuid(seed))
+            # For seed-based generation, we need to manually set the _uuid_str after creation
+            fingerprint.__dict__["_uuid_str"] = cls._generate_uuid(seed)
         return fingerprint
 
     def __str__(self) -> str:
         """String representation of the fingerprint (the UUID)."""
         return self.uuid_str
 
-    def __eq__(self, other) -> bool:
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
         """Compare fingerprints by their UUID."""
-        if isinstance(other, Fingerprint):
+        if type(other) is Fingerprint:
             return self.uuid_str == other.uuid_str
         return False
 
@@ -132,29 +125,27 @@ class Fingerprint(BaseModel):
         """Hash of the fingerprint (based on UUID)."""
         return hash(self.uuid_str)
 
-    def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-        """
-        Convert the fingerprint to a dictionary representation.
+    def to_dict(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Convert the fingerprint to a dictionary representation.
 
         Returns:
-            Dict[str, Any]: Dictionary representation of the fingerprint
+            Dictionary representation of the fingerprint
         """
         return {
             "uuid_str": self.uuid_str,
             "created_at": self.created_at.isoformat(),
-            "metadata": self.metadata
+            "metadata": self.metadata,
         }
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_dict(cls, data: Dict[str, Any]) -> 'Fingerprint':
-        """
-        Create a Fingerprint from a dictionary representation.
+    def from_dict(cls, data: dict[str, Any]) -> Self:
+        """Create a Fingerprint from a dictionary representation.
 
         Args:
-            data (Dict[str, Any]): Dictionary representation of a fingerprint
+            data: Dictionary representation of a fingerprint
 
         Returns:
-            Fingerprint: A new Fingerprint instance
+            A new Fingerprint instance
         """
         if not data:
             return cls()
@@ -163,8 +154,10 @@ class Fingerprint(BaseModel):
 
         # For consistency with existing stored fingerprints, we need to manually set these
         if "uuid_str" in data:
-            object.__setattr__(fingerprint, 'uuid_str', data["uuid_str"])
+            fingerprint.__dict__["_uuid_str"] = data["uuid_str"]
         if "created_at" in data and isinstance(data["created_at"], str):
-            object.__setattr__(fingerprint, 'created_at', datetime.fromisoformat(data["created_at"]))
+            fingerprint.__dict__["_created_at"] = datetime.fromisoformat(
+                data["created_at"]
+            )
 
         return fingerprint

src/crewai/security/security_config.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-"""
-Security Configuration Module
+"""Security Configuration Module
 
 This module provides configuration for CrewAI security features, including:
 - Authentication settings
@@ -10,9 +9,10 @@ The SecurityConfig class is the primary interface for managing security settings
 in CrewAI applications.
 """
 
-from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
-from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field, model_validator
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field, field_validator
+from typing_extensions import Self
 
 from crewai.security.fingerprint import Fingerprint
 
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ class SecurityConfig(BaseModel):
     - Impersonation/delegation tokens *TODO*
 
     Attributes:
-        version (str): Version of the security configuration
         fingerprint (Fingerprint): The unique fingerprint automatically generated for the component
     """
 
@@ -37,80 +36,52 @@ class SecurityConfig(BaseModel):
         # Note: Cannot use frozen=True as existing tests modify the fingerprint property
     )
 
-    version: str = Field(
-        default="1.0.0", 
-        description="Version of the security configuration"
-    )
-
     fingerprint: Fingerprint = Field(
-        default_factory=Fingerprint, 
-        description="Unique identifier for the component"
+        default_factory=Fingerprint, description="Unique identifier for the component"
     )
-    
-    def is_compatible(self, min_version: str) -> bool:
-        """
-        Check if this security configuration is compatible with the minimum required version.
-        
-        Args:
-            min_version (str): Minimum required version in semver format (e.g., "1.0.0")
-            
-        Returns:
-            bool: True if this configuration is compatible, False otherwise
-        """
-        # Simple version comparison (can be enhanced with packaging.version if needed)
-        current = [int(x) for x in self.version.split(".")]
-        minimum = [int(x) for x in min_version.split(".")]
-        
-        # Compare major, minor, patch versions
-        for c, m in zip(current, minimum):
-            if c > m:
-                return True
-            if c < m:
-                return False
-        return True
 
-    @model_validator(mode='before')
+    @field_validator("fingerprint", mode="before")
     @classmethod
-    def validate_fingerprint(cls, values):
+    def validate_fingerprint(cls, v: Any) -> Fingerprint:
         """Ensure fingerprint is properly initialized."""
-        if isinstance(values, dict):
-            # Handle case where fingerprint is not provided or is None
-            if 'fingerprint' not in values or values['fingerprint'] is None:
-                values['fingerprint'] = Fingerprint()
-            # Handle case where fingerprint is a string (seed)
-            elif isinstance(values['fingerprint'], str):
-                if not values['fingerprint'].strip():
-                    raise ValueError("Fingerprint seed cannot be empty")
-                values['fingerprint'] = Fingerprint.generate(seed=values['fingerprint'])
-        return values
+        if v is None:
+            return Fingerprint()
+        if isinstance(v, str):
+            if not v.strip():
+                raise ValueError("Fingerprint seed cannot be empty")
+            return Fingerprint.generate(seed=v)
+        if isinstance(v, dict):
+            return Fingerprint.from_dict(v)
+        if isinstance(v, Fingerprint):
+            return v
 
-    def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid fingerprint type: {type(v)}")
+
+    def to_dict(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
         """
         Convert the security config to a dictionary.
 
         Returns:
-            Dict[str, Any]: Dictionary representation of the security config
+            Dictionary representation of the security config
         """
-        result = {
-            "fingerprint": self.fingerprint.to_dict()
-        }
-        return result
+        return {"fingerprint": self.fingerprint.to_dict()}
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_dict(cls, data: Dict[str, Any]) -> 'SecurityConfig':
+    def from_dict(cls, data: dict[str, Any]) -> Self:
         """
         Create a SecurityConfig from a dictionary.
 
         Args:
-            data (Dict[str, Any]): Dictionary representation of a security config
+            data: Dictionary representation of a security config
 
         Returns:
-            SecurityConfig: A new SecurityConfig instance
+            A new SecurityConfig instance
         """
-        # Make a copy to avoid modifying the original
-        data_copy = data.copy()
-
-        fingerprint_data = data_copy.pop("fingerprint", None)
-        fingerprint = Fingerprint.from_dict(fingerprint_data) if fingerprint_data else Fingerprint()
+        fingerprint_data = data.get("fingerprint")
+        fingerprint = (
+            Fingerprint.from_dict(fingerprint_data)
+            if fingerprint_data
+            else Fingerprint()
+        )
 
         return cls(fingerprint=fingerprint)

src/crewai/tasks/conditional_task.py

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-from typing import Any, Callable
+"""Conditional task execution based on previous task output."""
+
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any
 
 from pydantic import Field
 
@@ -8,37 +11,54 @@ from crewai.tasks.task_output import TaskOutput
 
 
 class ConditionalTask(Task):
-    """
-    A task that can be conditionally executed based on the output of another task.
-    Note: This cannot be the only task you have in your crew and cannot be the first since its needs context from the previous task.
+    """A task that can be conditionally executed based on the output of another task.
+
+    This task type allows for dynamic workflow execution based on the results of
+    previous tasks in the crew execution chain.
+
+    Attributes:
+        condition: Function that evaluates previous task output to determine execution.
+
+    Notes:
+        - Cannot be the only task in your crew
+        - Cannot be the first task since it needs context from the previous task
     """
 
-    condition: Callable[[TaskOutput], bool] = Field(
+    condition: Callable[[TaskOutput], bool] | None = Field(
         default=None,
-        description="Maximum number of retries for an agent to execute a task when an error occurs.",
+        description="Function that determines whether the task should be executed based on previous task output.",
     )
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        condition: Callable[[Any], bool],
+        condition: Callable[[Any], bool] | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ):
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
         self.condition = condition
 
     def should_execute(self, context: TaskOutput) -> bool:
-        """
-        Determines whether the conditional task should be executed based on the provided context.
+        """Determines whether the conditional task should be executed based on the provided context.
 
         Args:
-            context (Any): The context or output from the previous task that will be evaluated by the condition.
+            context: The output from the previous task that will be evaluated by the condition.
 
         Returns:
-            bool: True if the task should be executed, False otherwise.
+            True if the task should be executed, False otherwise.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If no condition function is set.
         """
+        if self.condition is None:
+            raise ValueError("No condition function set for conditional task")
         return self.condition(context)
 
-    def get_skipped_task_output(self):
+    def get_skipped_task_output(self) -> TaskOutput:
+        """Generate a TaskOutput for when the conditional task is skipped.
+
+        Returns:
+            Empty TaskOutput with RAW format indicating the task was skipped.
+        """
         return TaskOutput(
             description=self.description,
             raw="",

src/crewai/tasks/output_format.py

@@ -1,8 +1,16 @@
+"""Task output format definitions for CrewAI."""
+
 from enum import Enum
 
 
 class OutputFormat(str, Enum):
-    """Enum that represents the output format of a task."""
+    """Enum that represents the output format of a task.
+
+    Attributes:
+        JSON: Output as JSON dictionary format
+        PYDANTIC: Output as Pydantic model instance
+        RAW: Output as raw unprocessed string
+    """
 
     JSON = "json"
     PYDANTIC = "pydantic"

src/crewai/tasks/task_output.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+"""Task output representation and formatting."""
+
 import json
-from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, model_validator
 
@@ -7,19 +9,31 @@ from crewai.tasks.output_format import OutputFormat
 
 
 class TaskOutput(BaseModel):
-    """Class that represents the result of a task."""
+    """Class that represents the result of a task.
+
+    Attributes:
+        description: Description of the task
+        name: Optional name of the task
+        expected_output: Expected output of the task
+        summary: Summary of the task (auto-generated from description)
+        raw: Raw output of the task
+        pydantic: Pydantic model output of the task
+        json_dict: JSON dictionary output of the task
+        agent: Agent that executed the task
+        output_format: Output format of the task (JSON, PYDANTIC, or RAW)
+    """
 
     description: str = Field(description="Description of the task")
-    name: Optional[str] = Field(description="Name of the task", default=None)
-    expected_output: Optional[str] = Field(
+    name: str | None = Field(description="Name of the task", default=None)
+    expected_output: str | None = Field(
         description="Expected output of the task", default=None
     )
-    summary: Optional[str] = Field(description="Summary of the task", default=None)
+    summary: str | None = Field(description="Summary of the task", default=None)
     raw: str = Field(description="Raw output of the task", default="")
-    pydantic: Optional[BaseModel] = Field(
+    pydantic: BaseModel | None = Field(
         description="Pydantic output of task", default=None
     )
-    json_dict: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = Field(
+    json_dict: dict[str, Any] | None = Field(
         description="JSON dictionary of task", default=None
     )
     agent: str = Field(description="Agent that executed the task")
@@ -29,13 +43,28 @@ class TaskOutput(BaseModel):
 
     @model_validator(mode="after")
     def set_summary(self):
-        """Set the summary field based on the description."""
+        """Set the summary field based on the description.
+
+        Returns:
+            Self with updated summary field.
+        """
         excerpt = " ".join(self.description.split(" ")[:10])
         self.summary = f"{excerpt}..."
         return self
 
     @property
-    def json(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def json(self) -> str | None:  # type: ignore[override]
+        """Get the JSON string representation of the task output.
+
+        Returns:
+            JSON string representation of the task output.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If output format is not JSON.
+
+        Notes:
+            TODO: Refactor to use model_dump_json() to avoid BaseModel method conflict
+        """
         if self.output_format != OutputFormat.JSON:
             raise ValueError(
                 """
@@ -47,8 +76,13 @@ class TaskOutput(BaseModel):
 
         return json.dumps(self.json_dict)
 
-    def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-        """Convert json_output and pydantic_output to a dictionary."""
+    def to_dict(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Convert json_output and pydantic_output to a dictionary.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dictionary representation of the task output. Prioritizes json_dict
+            over pydantic model dump if both are available.
+        """
         output_dict = {}
         if self.json_dict:
             output_dict.update(self.json_dict)

src/crewai/telemetry/constants.py

@@ -1,2 +1,9 @@
-CREWAI_TELEMETRY_BASE_URL: str = "https://telemetry.crewai.com:4319"
-CREWAI_TELEMETRY_SERVICE_NAME: str = "crewAI-telemetry"
+"""Telemetry configuration constants.
+
+This module defines constants used for CrewAI telemetry configuration.
+"""
+
+from typing import Final
+
+CREWAI_TELEMETRY_BASE_URL: Final[str] = "https://telemetry.crewai.com:4319"
+CREWAI_TELEMETRY_SERVICE_NAME: Final[str] = "crewAI-telemetry"

src/crewai/telemetry/telemetry.py

@@ -1,3 +1,11 @@
+"""Telemetry module for CrewAI.
+
+This module provides anonymous telemetry collection for development purposes.
+No prompts, task descriptions, agent backstories/goals, responses, or sensitive
+data is collected. Users can opt-in to share more complete data using the
+`share_crew` attribute.
+"""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import asyncio
@@ -5,11 +13,10 @@ import json
 import logging
 import os
 import platform
-import warnings
-from contextlib import contextmanager
-from importlib.metadata import version
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Optional
 import threading
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from importlib.metadata import version
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 from opentelemetry import trace
 from opentelemetry.exporter.otlp.proto.http.trace_exporter import (
@@ -21,30 +28,43 @@ from opentelemetry.sdk.trace.export import (
     BatchSpanProcessor,
     SpanExportResult,
 )
-from opentelemetry.trace import Span, Status, StatusCode
+from opentelemetry.trace import Span
 
 from crewai.telemetry.constants import (
     CREWAI_TELEMETRY_BASE_URL,
     CREWAI_TELEMETRY_SERVICE_NAME,
 )
+from crewai.telemetry.utils import (
+    add_agent_fingerprint_to_span,
+    add_crew_and_task_attributes,
+    add_crew_attributes,
+    close_span,
+)
+from crewai.utilities.logger_utils import suppress_warnings
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-
-@contextmanager
-def suppress_warnings():
-    with warnings.catch_warnings():
-        warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
-        yield
-
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from crewai.crew import Crew
     from crewai.task import Task
 
 
 class SafeOTLPSpanExporter(OTLPSpanExporter):
-    def export(self, spans) -> SpanExportResult:
+    """Safe wrapper for OTLP span exporter that handles exceptions gracefully.
+
+    This exporter prevents telemetry failures from breaking the application
+    by catching and logging exceptions during span export.
+    """
+
+    def export(self, spans: Any) -> SpanExportResult:
+        """Export spans to the telemetry backend safely.
+
+        Args:
+            spans: Collection of spans to export.
+
+        Returns:
+            Export result status, FAILURE if an exception occurs.
+        """
         try:
             return super().export(spans)
         except Exception as e:
@@ -53,16 +73,13 @@ class SafeOTLPSpanExporter(OTLPSpanExporter):
 
 
 class Telemetry:
-    """A class to handle anonymous telemetry for the crewai package.
+    """Handle anonymous telemetry for the CrewAI package.
 
-    The data being collected is for development purpose, all data is anonymous.
-
-    There is NO data being collected on the prompts, tasks descriptions
-    agents backstories or goals nor responses or any data that is being
-    processed by the agents, nor any secrets and env vars.
-
-    Users can opt-in to sharing more complete data using the `share_crew`
-    attribute in the Crew class.
+    Attributes:
+        ready: Whether telemetry is initialized and ready.
+        trace_set: Whether the tracer provider has been set.
+        resource: OpenTelemetry resource for the telemetry service.
+        provider: OpenTelemetry tracer provider.
     """
 
     _instance = None
@@ -72,14 +89,14 @@ class Telemetry:
         if cls._instance is None:
             with cls._lock:
                 if cls._instance is None:
-                    cls._instance = super(Telemetry, cls).__new__(cls)
+                    cls._instance = super().__new__(cls)
                     cls._instance._initialized = False
         return cls._instance
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        if hasattr(self, '_initialized') and self._initialized:
+        if hasattr(self, "_initialized") and self._initialized:
             return
-        
+
         self.ready: bool = False
         self.trace_set: bool = False
         self._initialized: bool = True
@@ -124,29 +141,41 @@ class Telemetry:
         """Check if telemetry operations should be executed."""
         return self.ready and not self._is_telemetry_disabled()
 
-    def set_tracer(self):
+    def set_tracer(self) -> None:
+        """Set the tracer provider if ready and not already set."""
         if self.ready and not self.trace_set:
             try:
                 with suppress_warnings():
                     trace.set_tracer_provider(self.provider)
                     self.trace_set = True
-            except Exception:
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.debug(f"Failed to set tracer provider: {e}")
                 self.ready = False
                 self.trace_set = False
 
-    def _safe_telemetry_operation(self, operation: Callable[[], None]) -> None:
-        """Execute telemetry operation safely, checking both readiness and environment variables."""
+    def _safe_telemetry_operation(self, operation: Callable[[], Any]) -> None:
+        """Execute telemetry operation safely, checking both readiness and environment variables.
+
+        Args:
+            operation: A callable that performs telemetry operations. May return any value,
+                      but the return value is not used by this method.
+        """
         if not self._should_execute_telemetry():
             return
         try:
             operation()
-        except Exception:
-            pass
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.debug(f"Telemetry operation failed: {e}")
 
-    def crew_creation(self, crew: Crew, inputs: dict[str, Any] | None):
-        """Records the creation of a crew."""
+    def crew_creation(self, crew: Crew, inputs: dict[str, Any] | None) -> None:
+        """Records the creation of a crew.
 
-        def operation():
+        Args:
+            crew: The crew being created.
+            inputs: Optional input parameters for the crew.
+        """
+
+        def _operation():
             tracer = trace.get_tracer("crewai.telemetry")
             span = tracer.start_span("Crew Created")
             self._add_attribute(
@@ -155,16 +184,14 @@ class Telemetry:
                 version("crewai"),
             )
             self._add_attribute(span, "python_version", platform.python_version())
-            self._add_attribute(span, "crew_key", crew.key)
-            self._add_attribute(span, "crew_id", str(crew.id))
+            add_crew_attributes(span, crew, self._add_attribute)
             self._add_attribute(span, "crew_process", crew.process)
             self._add_attribute(span, "crew_memory", crew.memory)
             self._add_attribute(span, "crew_number_of_tasks", len(crew.tasks))
             self._add_attribute(span, "crew_number_of_agents", len(crew.agents))
 
-            # Add fingerprint data
+            # Add additional fingerprint metadata if available
             if hasattr(crew, "fingerprint") and crew.fingerprint:
-                self._add_attribute(span, "crew_fingerprint", crew.fingerprint.uuid_str)
                 self._add_attribute(
                     span,
                     "crew_fingerprint_created_at",
@@ -343,29 +370,27 @@ class Telemetry:
                         ]
                     ),
                 )
-            span.set_status(Status(StatusCode.OK))
-            span.end()
+            close_span(span)
 
-        self._safe_telemetry_operation(operation)
+        self._safe_telemetry_operation(_operation)
 
     def task_started(self, crew: Crew, task: Task) -> Span | None:
-        """Records task started in a crew."""
+        """Records task started in a crew.
 
-        def operation():
+        Args:
+            crew: The crew executing the task.
+            task: The task being started.
+
+        Returns:
+            The span tracking the task execution, or None if telemetry is disabled.
+        """
+
+        def _operation():
             tracer = trace.get_tracer("crewai.telemetry")
 
             created_span = tracer.start_span("Task Created")
 
-            self._add_attribute(created_span, "crew_key", crew.key)
-            self._add_attribute(created_span, "crew_id", str(crew.id))
-            self._add_attribute(created_span, "task_key", task.key)
-            self._add_attribute(created_span, "task_id", str(task.id))
-
-            # Add fingerprint data
-            if hasattr(crew, "fingerprint") and crew.fingerprint:
-                self._add_attribute(
-                    created_span, "crew_fingerprint", crew.fingerprint.uuid_str
-                )
+            add_crew_and_task_attributes(created_span, crew, task, self._add_attribute)
 
             if hasattr(task, "fingerprint") and task.fingerprint:
                 self._add_attribute(
@@ -386,13 +411,9 @@ class Telemetry:
 
             # Add agent fingerprint if task has an assigned agent
             if hasattr(task, "agent") and task.agent:
-                agent_fingerprint = getattr(
-                    getattr(task.agent, "fingerprint", None), "uuid_str", None
+                add_agent_fingerprint_to_span(
+                    created_span, task.agent, self._add_attribute
                 )
-                if agent_fingerprint:
-                    self._add_attribute(
-                        created_span, "agent_fingerprint", agent_fingerprint
-                    )
 
             if crew.share_crew:
                 self._add_attribute(
@@ -402,30 +423,18 @@ class Telemetry:
                     created_span, "formatted_expected_output", task.expected_output
                 )
 
-            created_span.set_status(Status(StatusCode.OK))
-            created_span.end()
+            close_span(created_span)
 
             span = tracer.start_span("Task Execution")
 
-            self._add_attribute(span, "crew_key", crew.key)
-            self._add_attribute(span, "crew_id", str(crew.id))
-            self._add_attribute(span, "task_key", task.key)
-            self._add_attribute(span, "task_id", str(task.id))
-
-            # Add fingerprint data to execution span
-            if hasattr(crew, "fingerprint") and crew.fingerprint:
-                self._add_attribute(span, "crew_fingerprint", crew.fingerprint.uuid_str)
+            add_crew_and_task_attributes(span, crew, task, self._add_attribute)
 
             if hasattr(task, "fingerprint") and task.fingerprint:
                 self._add_attribute(span, "task_fingerprint", task.fingerprint.uuid_str)
 
             # Add agent fingerprint if task has an assigned agent
             if hasattr(task, "agent") and task.agent:
-                agent_fingerprint = getattr(
-                    getattr(task.agent, "fingerprint", None), "uuid_str", None
-                )
-                if agent_fingerprint:
-                    self._add_attribute(span, "agent_fingerprint", agent_fingerprint)
+                add_agent_fingerprint_to_span(span, task.agent, self._add_attribute)
 
             if crew.share_crew:
                 self._add_attribute(span, "formatted_description", task.description)
@@ -435,22 +444,25 @@ class Telemetry:
 
             return span
 
-        self._safe_telemetry_operation(operation)
-        return None
+        if not self._should_execute_telemetry():
+            return None
 
-    def task_ended(self, span: Span, task: Task, crew: Crew):
+        self._safe_telemetry_operation(_operation)
+        return _operation()
+
+    def task_ended(self, span: Span, task: Task, crew: Crew) -> None:
         """Records the completion of a task execution in a crew.
 
         Args:
-            span (Span): The OpenTelemetry span tracking the task execution
-            task (Task): The task that was completed
-            crew (Crew): The crew context in which the task was executed
+            span: The OpenTelemetry span tracking the task execution.
+            task: The task that was completed.
+            crew: The crew context in which the task was executed.
 
         Note:
-            If share_crew is enabled, this will also record the task output
+            If share_crew is enabled, this will also record the task output.
         """
 
-        def operation():
+        def _operation():
             # Ensure fingerprint data is present on completion span
             if hasattr(task, "fingerprint") and task.fingerprint:
                 self._add_attribute(span, "task_fingerprint", task.fingerprint.uuid_str)
@@ -462,21 +474,20 @@ class Telemetry:
                     task.output.raw if task.output else "",
                 )
 
-            span.set_status(Status(StatusCode.OK))
-            span.end()
+            close_span(span)
 
-        self._safe_telemetry_operation(operation)
+        self._safe_telemetry_operation(_operation)
 
-    def tool_repeated_usage(self, llm: Any, tool_name: str, attempts: int):
+    def tool_repeated_usage(self, llm: Any, tool_name: str, attempts: int) -> None:
         """Records when a tool is used repeatedly, which might indicate an issue.
 
         Args:
-            llm (Any): The language model being used
-            tool_name (str): Name of the tool being repeatedly used
-            attempts (int): Number of attempts made with this tool
+            llm: The language model being used.
+            tool_name: Name of the tool being repeatedly used.
+            attempts: Number of attempts made with this tool.
         """
 
-        def operation():
+        def _operation():
             tracer = trace.get_tracer("crewai.telemetry")
             span = tracer.start_span("Tool Repeated Usage")
             self._add_attribute(
@@ -488,22 +499,23 @@ class Telemetry:
             self._add_attribute(span, "attempts", attempts)
             if llm:
                 self._add_attribute(span, "llm", llm.model)
-            span.set_status(Status(StatusCode.OK))
-            span.end()
+            close_span(span)
 
-        self._safe_telemetry_operation(operation)
+        self._safe_telemetry_operation(_operation)
 
-    def tool_usage(self, llm: Any, tool_name: str, attempts: int, agent: Any = None):
+    def tool_usage(
+        self, llm: Any, tool_name: str, attempts: int, agent: Any = None
+    ) -> None:
         """Records the usage of a tool by an agent.
 
         Args:
-            llm (Any): The language model being used
-            tool_name (str): Name of the tool being used
-            attempts (int): Number of attempts made with this tool
-            agent (Any, optional): The agent using the tool
+            llm: The language model being used.
+            tool_name: Name of the tool being used.
+            attempts: Number of attempts made with this tool.
+            agent: The agent using the tool.
         """
 
-        def operation():
+        def _operation():
             tracer = trace.get_tracer("crewai.telemetry")
             span = tracer.start_span("Tool Usage")
             self._add_attribute(
@@ -517,30 +529,23 @@ class Telemetry:
                 self._add_attribute(span, "llm", llm.model)
 
             # Add agent fingerprint data if available
-            if agent and hasattr(agent, "fingerprint") and agent.fingerprint:
-                self._add_attribute(
-                    span, "agent_fingerprint", agent.fingerprint.uuid_str
-                )
-                if hasattr(agent, "role"):
-                    self._add_attribute(span, "agent_role", agent.role)
+            add_agent_fingerprint_to_span(span, agent, self._add_attribute)
+            close_span(span)
 
-            span.set_status(Status(StatusCode.OK))
-            span.end()
-
-        self._safe_telemetry_operation(operation)
+        self._safe_telemetry_operation(_operation)
 
     def tool_usage_error(
-        self, llm: Any, agent: Any = None, tool_name: Optional[str] = None
-    ):
+        self, llm: Any, agent: Any = None, tool_name: str | None = None
+    ) -> None:
         """Records when a tool usage results in an error.
 
         Args:
-            llm (Any): The language model being used when the error occurred
-            agent (Any, optional): The agent using the tool
-            tool_name (str, optional): Name of the tool that caused the error
+            llm: The language model being used when the error occurred.
+            agent: The agent using the tool.
+            tool_name: Name of the tool that caused the error.
         """
 
-        def operation():
+        def _operation():
             tracer = trace.get_tracer("crewai.telemetry")
             span = tracer.start_span("Tool Usage Error")
             self._add_attribute(
@@ -555,31 +560,24 @@ class Telemetry:
                 self._add_attribute(span, "tool_name", tool_name)
 
             # Add agent fingerprint data if available
-            if agent and hasattr(agent, "fingerprint") and agent.fingerprint:
-                self._add_attribute(
-                    span, "agent_fingerprint", agent.fingerprint.uuid_str
-                )
-                if hasattr(agent, "role"):
-                    self._add_attribute(span, "agent_role", agent.role)
+            add_agent_fingerprint_to_span(span, agent, self._add_attribute)
+            close_span(span)
 
-            span.set_status(Status(StatusCode.OK))
-            span.end()
-
-        self._safe_telemetry_operation(operation)
+        self._safe_telemetry_operation(_operation)
 
     def individual_test_result_span(
         self, crew: Crew, quality: float, exec_time: int, model_name: str
-    ):
+    ) -> None:
         """Records individual test results for a crew execution.
 
         Args:
-            crew (Crew): The crew being tested
-            quality (float): Quality score of the execution
-            exec_time (int): Execution time in seconds
-            model_name (str): Name of the model used
+            crew: The crew being tested.
+            quality: Quality score of the execution.
+            exec_time: Execution time in seconds.
+            model_name: Name of the model used.
         """
 
-        def operation():
+        def _operation():
             tracer = trace.get_tracer("crewai.telemetry")
             span = tracer.start_span("Crew Individual Test Result")
 
@@ -588,15 +586,15 @@ class Telemetry:
                 "crewai_version",
                 version("crewai"),
             )
-            self._add_attribute(span, "crew_key", crew.key)
-            self._add_attribute(span, "crew_id", str(crew.id))
+            add_crew_attributes(
+                span, crew, self._add_attribute, include_fingerprint=False
+            )
             self._add_attribute(span, "quality", str(quality))
             self._add_attribute(span, "exec_time", str(exec_time))
             self._add_attribute(span, "model_name", model_name)
-            span.set_status(Status(StatusCode.OK))
-            span.end()
+            close_span(span)
 
-        self._safe_telemetry_operation(operation)
+        self._safe_telemetry_operation(_operation)
 
     def test_execution_span(
         self,
@@ -604,17 +602,17 @@ class Telemetry:
         iterations: int,
         inputs: dict[str, Any] | None,
         model_name: str,
-    ):
+    ) -> None:
         """Records the execution of a test suite for a crew.
 
         Args:
-            crew (Crew): The crew being tested
-            iterations (int): Number of test iterations
-            inputs (dict[str, Any] | None): Input parameters for the test
-            model_name (str): Name of the model used in testing
+            crew: The crew being tested.
+            iterations: Number of test iterations.
+            inputs: Input parameters for the test.
+            model_name: Name of the model used in testing.
         """
 
-        def operation():
+        def _operation():
             tracer = trace.get_tracer("crewai.telemetry")
             span = tracer.start_span("Crew Test Execution")
 
@@ -623,8 +621,9 @@ class Telemetry:
                 "crewai_version",
                 version("crewai"),
             )
-            self._add_attribute(span, "crew_key", crew.key)
-            self._add_attribute(span, "crew_id", str(crew.id))
+            add_crew_attributes(
+                span, crew, self._add_attribute, include_fingerprint=False
+            )
             self._add_attribute(span, "iterations", str(iterations))
             self._add_attribute(span, "model_name", model_name)
 
@@ -633,93 +632,99 @@ class Telemetry:
                     span, "inputs", json.dumps(inputs) if inputs else None
                 )
 
-            span.set_status(Status(StatusCode.OK))
-            span.end()
+            close_span(span)
 
-        self._safe_telemetry_operation(operation)
+        self._safe_telemetry_operation(_operation)
 
-    def deploy_signup_error_span(self):
+    def deploy_signup_error_span(self) -> None:
         """Records when an error occurs during the deployment signup process."""
 
-        def operation():
+        def _operation():
             tracer = trace.get_tracer("crewai.telemetry")
             span = tracer.start_span("Deploy Signup Error")
-            span.set_status(Status(StatusCode.OK))
-            span.end()
+            close_span(span)
 
-        self._safe_telemetry_operation(operation)
+        self._safe_telemetry_operation(_operation)
 
-    def start_deployment_span(self, uuid: Optional[str] = None):
+    def start_deployment_span(self, uuid: str | None = None) -> None:
         """Records the start of a deployment process.
 
         Args:
-            uuid (Optional[str]): Unique identifier for the deployment
+            uuid: Unique identifier for the deployment.
         """
 
-        def operation():
+        def _operation():
             tracer = trace.get_tracer("crewai.telemetry")
             span = tracer.start_span("Start Deployment")
             if uuid:
                 self._add_attribute(span, "uuid", uuid)
-            span.set_status(Status(StatusCode.OK))
-            span.end()
+            close_span(span)
 
-        self._safe_telemetry_operation(operation)
+        self._safe_telemetry_operation(_operation)
 
-    def create_crew_deployment_span(self):
+    def create_crew_deployment_span(self) -> None:
         """Records the creation of a new crew deployment."""
 
-        def operation():
+        def _operation():
             tracer = trace.get_tracer("crewai.telemetry")
             span = tracer.start_span("Create Crew Deployment")
-            span.set_status(Status(StatusCode.OK))
-            span.end()
+            close_span(span)
 
-        self._safe_telemetry_operation(operation)
+        self._safe_telemetry_operation(_operation)
 
-    def get_crew_logs_span(self, uuid: Optional[str], log_type: str = "deployment"):
+    def get_crew_logs_span(
+        self, uuid: str | None, log_type: str = "deployment"
+    ) -> None:
         """Records the retrieval of crew logs.
 
         Args:
-            uuid (Optional[str]): Unique identifier for the crew
-            log_type (str, optional): Type of logs being retrieved. Defaults to "deployment".
+            uuid: Unique identifier for the crew.
+            log_type: Type of logs being retrieved. Defaults to "deployment".
         """
 
-        def operation():
+        def _operation():
             tracer = trace.get_tracer("crewai.telemetry")
             span = tracer.start_span("Get Crew Logs")
             self._add_attribute(span, "log_type", log_type)
             if uuid:
                 self._add_attribute(span, "uuid", uuid)
-            span.set_status(Status(StatusCode.OK))
-            span.end()
+            close_span(span)
 
-        self._safe_telemetry_operation(operation)
+        self._safe_telemetry_operation(_operation)
 
-    def remove_crew_span(self, uuid: Optional[str] = None):
+    def remove_crew_span(self, uuid: str | None = None) -> None:
         """Records the removal of a crew.
 
         Args:
-            uuid (Optional[str]): Unique identifier for the crew being removed
+            uuid: Unique identifier for the crew being removed.
         """
 
-        def operation():
+        def _operation():
             tracer = trace.get_tracer("crewai.telemetry")
             span = tracer.start_span("Remove Crew")
             if uuid:
                 self._add_attribute(span, "uuid", uuid)
-            span.set_status(Status(StatusCode.OK))
-            span.end()
+            close_span(span)
 
-        self._safe_telemetry_operation(operation)
+        self._safe_telemetry_operation(_operation)
 
-    def crew_execution_span(self, crew: Crew, inputs: dict[str, Any] | None):
+    def crew_execution_span(
+        self, crew: Crew, inputs: dict[str, Any] | None
+    ) -> Span | None:
         """Records the complete execution of a crew.
+
         This is only collected if the user has opted-in to share the crew.
+
+        Args:
+            crew: The crew being executed.
+            inputs: Optional input parameters for the crew.
+
+        Returns:
+            The execution span if crew sharing is enabled, None otherwise.
         """
         self.crew_creation(crew, inputs)
 
-        def operation():
+        def _operation():
             tracer = trace.get_tracer("crewai.telemetry")
             span = tracer.start_span("Crew Execution")
             self._add_attribute(
@@ -727,8 +732,9 @@ class Telemetry:
                 "crewai_version",
                 version("crewai"),
             )
-            self._add_attribute(span, "crew_key", crew.key)
-            self._add_attribute(span, "crew_id", str(crew.id))
+            add_crew_attributes(
+                span, crew, self._add_attribute, include_fingerprint=False
+            )
             self._add_attribute(
                 span, "crew_inputs", json.dumps(inputs) if inputs else None
             )
@@ -786,12 +792,19 @@ class Telemetry:
             return span
 
         if crew.share_crew:
-            self._safe_telemetry_operation(operation)
-            return operation()
+            self._safe_telemetry_operation(_operation)
+            return _operation()
         return None
 
-    def end_crew(self, crew, final_string_output):
-        def operation():
+    def end_crew(self, crew: Any, final_string_output: str) -> None:
+        """Records the end of crew execution.
+
+        Args:
+            crew: The crew that finished execution.
+            final_string_output: The final output from the crew.
+        """
+
+        def _operation():
             self._add_attribute(
                 crew._execution_span,
                 "crewai_version",
@@ -814,68 +827,70 @@ class Telemetry:
                     ]
                 ),
             )
-            crew._execution_span.set_status(Status(StatusCode.OK))
-            crew._execution_span.end()
+            close_span(crew._execution_span)
 
         if crew.share_crew:
-            self._safe_telemetry_operation(operation)
+            self._safe_telemetry_operation(_operation)
 
-    def _add_attribute(self, span, key, value):
-        """Add an attribute to a span."""
+    def _add_attribute(self, span: Span, key: str, value: Any) -> None:
+        """Add an attribute to a span.
 
-        def operation():
+        Args:
+            span: The span to add the attribute to.
+            key: The attribute key.
+            value: The attribute value.
+        """
+
+        def _operation():
             return span.set_attribute(key, value)
 
-        self._safe_telemetry_operation(operation)
+        self._safe_telemetry_operation(_operation)
 
-    def flow_creation_span(self, flow_name: str):
+    def flow_creation_span(self, flow_name: str) -> None:
         """Records the creation of a new flow.
 
         Args:
-            flow_name (str): Name of the flow being created
+            flow_name: Name of the flow being created.
         """
 
-        def operation():
+        def _operation():
             tracer = trace.get_tracer("crewai.telemetry")
             span = tracer.start_span("Flow Creation")
             self._add_attribute(span, "flow_name", flow_name)
-            span.set_status(Status(StatusCode.OK))
-            span.end()
+            close_span(span)
 
-        self._safe_telemetry_operation(operation)
+        self._safe_telemetry_operation(_operation)
 
-    def flow_plotting_span(self, flow_name: str, node_names: list[str]):
+    def flow_plotting_span(self, flow_name: str, node_names: list[str]) -> None:
         """Records flow visualization/plotting activity.
 
         Args:
-            flow_name (str): Name of the flow being plotted
-            node_names (list[str]): List of node names in the flow
+            flow_name: Name of the flow being plotted.
+            node_names: List of node names in the flow.
         """
 
-        def operation():
+        def _operation():
             tracer = trace.get_tracer("crewai.telemetry")
             span = tracer.start_span("Flow Plotting")
             self._add_attribute(span, "flow_name", flow_name)
             self._add_attribute(span, "node_names", json.dumps(node_names))
-            span.set_status(Status(StatusCode.OK))
-            span.end()
+            close_span(span)
 
-        self._safe_telemetry_operation(operation)
+        self._safe_telemetry_operation(_operation)
 
-    def flow_execution_span(self, flow_name: str, node_names: list[str]):
+    def flow_execution_span(self, flow_name: str, node_names: list[str]) -> None:
         """Records the execution of a flow.
 
         Args:
-            flow_name (str): Name of the flow being executed
-            node_names (list[str]): List of nodes being executed in the flow
+            flow_name: Name of the flow being executed.
+            node_names: List of nodes being executed in the flow.
         """
 
-        def operation():
+        def _operation():
             tracer = trace.get_tracer("crewai.telemetry")
             span = tracer.start_span("Flow Execution")
             self._add_attribute(span, "flow_name", flow_name)
             self._add_attribute(span, "node_names", json.dumps(node_names))
-            span.set_status(Status(StatusCode.OK))
-            span.end()
+            close_span(span)
 
-        self._safe_telemetry_operation(operation)
+        self._safe_telemetry_operation(_operation)

src/crewai/telemetry/utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+"""Telemetry utility functions.
+
+This module provides utility functions for telemetry operations.
+"""
+
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from opentelemetry.trace import Span, Status, StatusCode
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from crewai.crew import Crew
+    from crewai.task import Task
+
+
+def add_agent_fingerprint_to_span(
+    span: Span, agent: Any, add_attribute_fn: Callable[[Span, str, Any], None]
+) -> None:
+    """Add agent fingerprint data to a span if available.
+
+    Args:
+        span: The span to add the attributes to.
+        agent: The agent whose fingerprint data should be added.
+        add_attribute_fn: Function to add attributes to the span.
+    """
+    if agent:
+        # Try to get fingerprint directly
+        if hasattr(agent, "fingerprint") and agent.fingerprint:
+            add_attribute_fn(span, "agent_fingerprint", agent.fingerprint.uuid_str)
+            if hasattr(agent, "role"):
+                add_attribute_fn(span, "agent_role", agent.role)
+        else:
+            # Try to get fingerprint using getattr (for cases where it might not be directly accessible)
+            agent_fingerprint = getattr(
+                getattr(agent, "fingerprint", None), "uuid_str", None
+            )
+            if agent_fingerprint:
+                add_attribute_fn(span, "agent_fingerprint", agent_fingerprint)
+                if hasattr(agent, "role"):
+                    add_attribute_fn(span, "agent_role", agent.role)
+
+
+def add_crew_attributes(
+    span: Span,
+    crew: "Crew",
+    add_attribute_fn: Callable[[Span, str, Any], None],
+    include_fingerprint: bool = True,
+) -> None:
+    """Add crew attributes to a span.
+
+    Args:
+        span: The span to add the attributes to.
+        crew: The crew whose attributes should be added.
+        add_attribute_fn: Function to add attributes to the span.
+        include_fingerprint: Whether to include fingerprint data.
+    """
+    add_attribute_fn(span, "crew_key", crew.key)
+    add_attribute_fn(span, "crew_id", str(crew.id))
+
+    if include_fingerprint and hasattr(crew, "fingerprint") and crew.fingerprint:
+        add_attribute_fn(span, "crew_fingerprint", crew.fingerprint.uuid_str)
+
+
+def add_task_attributes(
+    span: Span,
+    task: "Task",
+    add_attribute_fn: Callable[[Span, str, Any], None],
+    include_fingerprint: bool = True,
+) -> None:
+    """Add task attributes to a span.
+
+    Args:
+        span: The span to add the attributes to.
+        task: The task whose attributes should be added.
+        add_attribute_fn: Function to add attributes to the span.
+        include_fingerprint: Whether to include fingerprint data.
+    """
+    add_attribute_fn(span, "task_key", task.key)
+    add_attribute_fn(span, "task_id", str(task.id))
+
+    if include_fingerprint and hasattr(task, "fingerprint") and task.fingerprint:
+        add_attribute_fn(span, "task_fingerprint", task.fingerprint.uuid_str)
+
+
+def add_crew_and_task_attributes(
+    span: Span,
+    crew: "Crew",
+    task: "Task",
+    add_attribute_fn: Callable[[Span, str, Any], None],
+    include_fingerprints: bool = True,
+) -> None:
+    """Add both crew and task attributes to a span.
+
+    Args:
+        span: The span to add the attributes to.
+        crew: The crew whose attributes should be added.
+        task: The task whose attributes should be added.
+        add_attribute_fn: Function to add attributes to the span.
+        include_fingerprints: Whether to include fingerprint data.
+    """
+    add_crew_attributes(span, crew, add_attribute_fn, include_fingerprints)
+    add_task_attributes(span, task, add_attribute_fn, include_fingerprints)
+
+
+def close_span(span: Span) -> None:
+    """Set span status to OK and end it.
+
+    Args:
+        span: The span to close.
+    """
+    span.set_status(Status(StatusCode.OK))
+    span.end()

src/crewai/tools/structured_tool.py

@@ -1,26 +1,22 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import asyncio
-
 import inspect
 import textwrap
-from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Union, get_type_hints
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, get_type_hints
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, create_model
 
 from crewai.utilities.logger import Logger
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from crewai.tools.base_tool import BaseTool
 
 
-class ToolUsageLimitExceeded(Exception):
+class ToolUsageLimitExceededError(Exception):
     """Exception raised when a tool has reached its maximum usage limit."""
 
-    pass
-
 
 class CrewStructuredTool:
     """A structured tool that can operate on any number of inputs.
@@ -69,10 +65,10 @@ class CrewStructuredTool:
     def from_function(
         cls,
         func: Callable,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
-        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        description: str | None = None,
         return_direct: bool = False,
-        args_schema: Optional[type[BaseModel]] = None,
+        args_schema: type[BaseModel] | None = None,
         infer_schema: bool = True,
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> CrewStructuredTool:
@@ -164,7 +160,7 @@ class CrewStructuredTool:
 
         # Create model
         schema_name = f"{name.title()}Schema"
-        return create_model(schema_name, **fields)
+        return create_model(schema_name, **fields)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
 
     def _validate_function_signature(self) -> None:
         """Validate that the function signature matches the args schema."""
@@ -192,7 +188,7 @@ class CrewStructuredTool:
                         f"not found in args_schema"
                     )
 
-    def _parse_args(self, raw_args: Union[str, dict]) -> dict:
+    def _parse_args(self, raw_args: str | dict) -> dict:
         """Parse and validate the input arguments against the schema.
 
         Args:
@@ -207,18 +203,18 @@ class CrewStructuredTool:
 
                 raw_args = json.loads(raw_args)
             except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
-                raise ValueError(f"Failed to parse arguments as JSON: {e}")
+                raise ValueError(f"Failed to parse arguments as JSON: {e}") from e
 
         try:
             validated_args = self.args_schema.model_validate(raw_args)
             return validated_args.model_dump()
         except Exception as e:
-            raise ValueError(f"Arguments validation failed: {e}")
+            raise ValueError(f"Arguments validation failed: {e}") from e
 
     async def ainvoke(
         self,
-        input: Union[str, dict],
-        config: Optional[dict] = None,
+        input: str | dict,
+        config: dict | None = None,
         **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> Any:
         """Asynchronously invoke the tool.
@@ -234,7 +230,7 @@ class CrewStructuredTool:
         parsed_args = self._parse_args(input)
 
         if self.has_reached_max_usage_count():
-            raise ToolUsageLimitExceeded(
+            raise ToolUsageLimitExceededError(
                 f"Tool '{self.name}' has reached its maximum usage limit of {self.max_usage_count}. You should not use the {self.name} tool again."
             )
 
@@ -243,44 +239,37 @@ class CrewStructuredTool:
         try:
             if inspect.iscoroutinefunction(self.func):
                 return await self.func(**parsed_args, **kwargs)
-            else:
-                # Run sync functions in a thread pool
-                import asyncio
+            # Run sync functions in a thread pool
+            import asyncio
 
-                return await asyncio.get_event_loop().run_in_executor(
-                    None, lambda: self.func(**parsed_args, **kwargs)
-                )
+            return await asyncio.get_event_loop().run_in_executor(
+                None, lambda: self.func(**parsed_args, **kwargs)
+            )
         except Exception:
             raise
 
     def _run(self, *args, **kwargs) -> Any:
         """Legacy method for compatibility."""
         # Convert args/kwargs to our expected format
-        input_dict = dict(zip(self.args_schema.model_fields.keys(), args))
+        input_dict = dict(zip(self.args_schema.model_fields.keys(), args, strict=False))
         input_dict.update(kwargs)
         return self.invoke(input_dict)
 
     def invoke(
-        self, input: Union[str, dict], config: Optional[dict] = None, **kwargs: Any
+        self, input: str | dict, config: dict | None = None, **kwargs: Any
     ) -> Any:
         """Main method for tool execution."""
         parsed_args = self._parse_args(input)
 
         if self.has_reached_max_usage_count():
-            raise ToolUsageLimitExceeded(
+            raise ToolUsageLimitExceededError(
                 f"Tool '{self.name}' has reached its maximum usage limit of {self.max_usage_count}. You should not use the {self.name} tool again."
             )
 
         self._increment_usage_count()
 
         if inspect.iscoroutinefunction(self.func):
-            result = asyncio.run(self.func(**parsed_args, **kwargs))
-            return result
-
-        try:
-            result = self.func(**parsed_args, **kwargs)
-        except Exception:
-            raise
+            return asyncio.run(self.func(**parsed_args, **kwargs))
 
         result = self.func(**parsed_args, **kwargs)
 

src/crewai/types/crew_chat.py

@@ -1,16 +1,22 @@
-from typing import List
+"""Crew chat input models.
+
+This module provides models for defining chat inputs and fields
+for crew interactions.
+"""
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
 
 class ChatInputField(BaseModel):
-    """
-    Represents a single required input for the crew, with a name and short description.
+    """Represents a single required input for the crew.
+
     Example:
-        {
-            "name": "topic",
-            "description": "The topic to focus on for the conversation"
-        }
+        ```python
+        field = ChatInputField(
+            name="topic",
+            description="The topic to focus on for the conversation"
+        )
+        ```
     """
 
     name: str = Field(..., description="The name of the input field")
@@ -18,23 +24,25 @@ class ChatInputField(BaseModel):
 
 
 class ChatInputs(BaseModel):
-    """
-    Holds a high-level crew_description plus a list of ChatInputFields.
+    """Holds crew metadata and input field definitions.
+
     Example:
-        {
-            "crew_name": "topic-based-qa",
-            "crew_description": "Use this crew for topic-based Q&A",
-            "inputs": [
-                {"name": "topic", "description": "The topic to focus on"},
-                {"name": "username", "description": "Name of the user"},
+        ```python
+        inputs = ChatInputs(
+            crew_name="topic-based-qa",
+            crew_description="Use this crew for topic-based Q&A",
+            inputs=[
+                ChatInputField(name="topic", description="The topic to focus on"),
+                ChatInputField(name="username", description="Name of the user"),
             ]
-        }
+        )
+        ```
     """
 
     crew_name: str = Field(..., description="The name of the crew")
     crew_description: str = Field(
         ..., description="A description of the crew's purpose"
     )
-    inputs: List[ChatInputField] = Field(
+    inputs: list[ChatInputField] = Field(
         default_factory=list, description="A list of input fields for the crew"
     )

src/crewai/types/hitl.py

@@ -1,18 +1,37 @@
-from typing import List, Dict, TypedDict
+"""Human-in-the-loop (HITL) type definitions.
+
+This module provides type definitions for human-in-the-loop interactions
+in crew executions.
+"""
+
+from typing import TypedDict
 
 
 class HITLResumeInfo(TypedDict, total=False):
-    """HITL resume information passed from flow to crew."""
+    """HITL resume information passed from flow to crew.
+
+    Attributes:
+        task_id: Unique identifier for the task.
+        crew_execution_id: Unique identifier for the crew execution.
+        task_key: Key identifying the specific task.
+        task_output: Output from the task before human intervention.
+        human_feedback: Feedback provided by the human.
+        previous_messages: History of messages in the conversation.
+    """
 
     task_id: str
     crew_execution_id: str
     task_key: str
     task_output: str
     human_feedback: str
-    previous_messages: List[Dict[str, str]]
+    previous_messages: list[dict[str, str]]
 
 
 class CrewInputsWithHITL(TypedDict, total=False):
-    """Crew inputs that may contain HITL resume information."""
+    """Crew inputs that may contain HITL resume information.
+
+    Attributes:
+        _hitl_resume: Optional HITL resume information for continuing execution.
+    """
 
     _hitl_resume: HITLResumeInfo

src/crewai/types/usage_metrics.py

@@ -1,9 +1,15 @@
+"""Usage metrics tracking for CrewAI execution.
+
+This module provides models for tracking token usage and request metrics
+during crew and agent execution.
+"""
+
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+from typing_extensions import Self
 
 
 class UsageMetrics(BaseModel):
-    """
-    Model to track usage metrics for the crew's execution.
+    """Track usage metrics for crew execution.
 
     Attributes:
         total_tokens: Total number of tokens used.
@@ -27,12 +33,11 @@ class UsageMetrics(BaseModel):
         default=0, description="Number of successful requests made."
     )
 
-    def add_usage_metrics(self, usage_metrics: "UsageMetrics"):
-        """
-        Add the usage metrics from another UsageMetrics object.
+    def add_usage_metrics(self, usage_metrics: Self) -> None:
+        """Add usage metrics from another UsageMetrics object.
 
         Args:
-            usage_metrics (UsageMetrics): The usage metrics to add.
+            usage_metrics: The usage metrics to add.
         """
         self.total_tokens += usage_metrics.total_tokens
         self.prompt_tokens += usage_metrics.prompt_tokens

src/crewai/utilities/errors.py

@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
-"""Error message definitions for CrewAI database operations."""
+"""Error message definitions for CrewAI database operations.
 
-from typing import Optional
+This module provides standardized error classes and message templates
+for database operations and agent repository handling.
+"""
+
+from typing import Final
 
 
 class DatabaseOperationError(Exception):
     """Base exception class for database operation errors."""
 
-    def __init__(self, message: str, original_error: Optional[Exception] = None):
+    def __init__(self, message: str, original_error: Exception | None = None) -> None:
         """Initialize the database operation error.
 
         Args:
@@ -18,13 +22,17 @@ class DatabaseOperationError(Exception):
 
 
 class DatabaseError:
-    """Standardized error message templates for database operations."""
+    """Standardized error message templates for database operations.
 
-    INIT_ERROR: str = "Database initialization error: {}"
-    SAVE_ERROR: str = "Error saving task outputs: {}"
-    UPDATE_ERROR: str = "Error updating task outputs: {}"
-    LOAD_ERROR: str = "Error loading task outputs: {}"
-    DELETE_ERROR: str = "Error deleting task outputs: {}"
+    Provides consistent error message formatting for various database
+    operation failures.
+    """
+
+    INIT_ERROR: Final[str] = "Database initialization error: {}"
+    SAVE_ERROR: Final[str] = "Error saving task outputs: {}"
+    UPDATE_ERROR: Final[str] = "Error updating task outputs: {}"
+    LOAD_ERROR: Final[str] = "Error loading task outputs: {}"
+    DELETE_ERROR: Final[str] = "Error deleting task outputs: {}"
 
     @classmethod
     def format_error(cls, template: str, error: Exception) -> str:
@@ -42,5 +50,3 @@ class DatabaseError:
 
 class AgentRepositoryError(Exception):
     """Exception raised when an agent repository is not found."""
-
-    ...

src/crewai/utilities/logger_utils.py

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-"""Logging utility functions for CrewAI."""
+"""Logging and warning utility functions for CrewAI."""
 
 import contextlib
 import io
 import logging
+import warnings
 from collections.abc import Generator
 
 
@@ -36,3 +37,20 @@ def suppress_logging(
     ):
         yield
     logger.setLevel(original_level)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def suppress_warnings() -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    """Context manager to suppress all warnings.
+
+    Yields:
+        None during the context execution.
+
+    Note:
+        There is a similar implementation in src/crewai/llm.py that also
+        suppresses a specific deprecation warning. That version may be
+        consolidated here in the future.
+    """
+    with warnings.catch_warnings():
+        warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
+        yield

src/crewai/utilities/task_output_storage_handler.py

@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
+"""Task output storage handler for managing task execution results.
+
+This module provides functionality for storing and retrieving task outputs
+from persistent storage, supporting replay and audit capabilities.
+"""
+
 from datetime import datetime
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
@@ -8,32 +14,64 @@ from crewai.memory.storage.kickoff_task_outputs_storage import (
 )
 from crewai.task import Task
 
-"""Handles storage and retrieval of task execution outputs."""
-
 
 class ExecutionLog(BaseModel):
-    """Represents a log entry for task execution."""
+    """Represents a log entry for task execution.
+
+    Attributes:
+        task_id: Unique identifier for the task.
+        expected_output: The expected output description for the task.
+        output: The actual output produced by the task.
+        timestamp: When the task was executed.
+        task_index: The position of the task in the execution sequence.
+        inputs: Input parameters provided to the task.
+        was_replayed: Whether this output was replayed from a previous run.
+    """
 
     task_id: str
-    expected_output: Optional[str] = None
-    output: Dict[str, Any]
+    expected_output: str | None = None
+    output: dict[str, Any]
     timestamp: datetime = Field(default_factory=datetime.now)
     task_index: int
-    inputs: Dict[str, Any] = Field(default_factory=dict)
+    inputs: dict[str, Any] = Field(default_factory=dict)
     was_replayed: bool = False
 
     def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        """Enable dictionary-style access to execution log attributes.
+
+        Args:
+            key: The attribute name to access.
+
+        Returns:
+            The value of the requested attribute.
+        """
         return getattr(self, key)
 
 
-"""Manages storage and retrieval of task outputs."""
-
-
 class TaskOutputStorageHandler:
+    """Manages storage and retrieval of task outputs.
+
+    This handler provides an interface to persist and retrieve task execution
+    results, supporting features like replay and audit trails.
+
+    Attributes:
+        storage: The underlying SQLite storage implementation.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self) -> None:
+        """Initialize the task output storage handler."""
         self.storage = KickoffTaskOutputsSQLiteStorage()
 
-    def update(self, task_index: int, log: Dict[str, Any]):
+    def update(self, task_index: int, log: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        """Update an existing task output in storage.
+
+        Args:
+            task_index: The index of the task to update.
+            log: Dictionary containing task execution details.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If no saved outputs exist.
+        """
         saved_outputs = self.load()
         if saved_outputs is None:
             raise ValueError("Logs cannot be None")
@@ -56,16 +94,31 @@ class TaskOutputStorageHandler:
     def add(
         self,
         task: Task,
-        output: Dict[str, Any],
+        output: dict[str, Any],
         task_index: int,
-        inputs: Dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         was_replayed: bool = False,
-    ):
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add a new task output to storage.
+
+        Args:
+            task: The task that was executed.
+            output: The output produced by the task.
+            task_index: The position of the task in execution sequence.
+            inputs: Optional input parameters for the task.
+            was_replayed: Whether this is a replayed execution.
+        """
         inputs = inputs or {}
         self.storage.add(task, output, task_index, was_replayed, inputs)
 
-    def reset(self):
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        """Clear all stored task outputs."""
         self.storage.delete_all()
 
-    def load(self) -> Optional[List[Dict[str, Any]]]:
+    def load(self) -> list[dict[str, Any]] | None:
+        """Load all stored task outputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of task output dictionaries, or None if no outputs exist.
+        """
         return self.storage.load()

src/crewai/utilities/token_counter_callback.py

@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
+"""Token counting callback handler for LLM interactions.
+
+This module provides a callback handler that tracks token usage
+for LLM API calls through the litellm library.
+"""
+
 import warnings
-from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from litellm.integrations.custom_logger import CustomLogger
 from litellm.types.utils import Usage
@@ -8,16 +14,38 @@ from crewai.agents.agent_builder.utilities.base_token_process import TokenProces
 
 
 class TokenCalcHandler(CustomLogger):
-    def __init__(self, token_cost_process: Optional[TokenProcess]):
+    """Handler for calculating and tracking token usage in LLM calls.
+
+    This handler integrates with litellm's logging system to track
+    prompt tokens, completion tokens, and cached tokens across requests.
+
+    Attributes:
+        token_cost_process: The token process tracker to accumulate usage metrics.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, token_cost_process: TokenProcess | None) -> None:
+        """Initialize the token calculation handler.
+
+        Args:
+            token_cost_process: Optional token process tracker for accumulating metrics.
+        """
         self.token_cost_process = token_cost_process
 
     def log_success_event(
         self,
-        kwargs: Dict[str, Any],
-        response_obj: Dict[str, Any],
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+        response_obj: dict[str, Any],
         start_time: float,
         end_time: float,
     ) -> None:
+        """Log successful LLM API call and track token usage.
+
+        Args:
+            kwargs: The arguments passed to the LLM call.
+            response_obj: The response object from the LLM API.
+            start_time: The timestamp when the call started.
+            end_time: The timestamp when the call completed.
+        """
         if self.token_cost_process is None:
             return
 

tests/agents/test_lite_agent.py

@@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
+# ruff: noqa: S101
+# mypy: ignore-errors
 from collections import defaultdict
 from typing import cast
-from unittest.mock import Mock
+from unittest.mock import Mock, patch
 
 import pytest
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
 from crewai import LLM, Agent
-from crewai.flow import Flow, start
-from crewai.lite_agent import LiteAgent, LiteAgentOutput
-from crewai.tools import BaseTool
 from crewai.events.event_bus import crewai_event_bus
 from crewai.events.types.agent_events import LiteAgentExecutionStartedEvent
 from crewai.events.types.tool_usage_events import ToolUsageStartedEvent
+from crewai.flow import Flow, start
+from crewai.lite_agent import LiteAgent, LiteAgentOutput
 from crewai.llms.base_llm import BaseLLM
-from unittest.mock import patch
+from crewai.tools import BaseTool
 
 
 # A simple test tool
@@ -37,10 +38,9 @@ class WebSearchTool(BaseTool):
         # This is a mock implementation
         if "tokyo" in query.lower():
             return "Tokyo's population in 2023 was approximately 21 million people in the city proper, and 37 million in the greater metropolitan area."
-        elif "climate change" in query.lower() and "coral" in query.lower():
+        if "climate change" in query.lower() and "coral" in query.lower():
             return "Climate change severely impacts coral reefs through: 1) Ocean warming causing coral bleaching, 2) Ocean acidification reducing calcification, 3) Sea level rise affecting light availability, 4) Increased storm frequency damaging reef structures. Sources: NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program, Global Coral Reef Alliance."
-        else:
-            return f"Found information about {query}: This is a simulated search result for demonstration purposes."
+        return f"Found information about {query}: This is a simulated search result for demonstration purposes."
 
 
 # Define Mock Calculator Tool
@@ -53,10 +53,11 @@ class CalculatorTool(BaseTool):
     def _run(self, expression: str) -> str:
         """Calculate the result of a mathematical expression."""
         try:
-            result = eval(expression, {"__builtins__": {}})
+            # Using eval with restricted builtins for test purposes only
+            result = eval(expression, {"__builtins__": {}})  # noqa: S307
             return f"The result of {expression} is {result}"
         except Exception as e:
-            return f"Error calculating {expression}: {str(e)}"
+            return f"Error calculating {expression}: {e!s}"
 
 
 # Define a custom response format using Pydantic
@@ -148,12 +149,12 @@ def test_lite_agent_with_tools():
         "What is the population of Tokyo and how many people would that be per square kilometer if Tokyo's area is 2,194 square kilometers?"
     )
 
-    assert (
-        "21 million" in result.raw or "37 million" in result.raw
-    ), "Agent should find Tokyo's population"
-    assert (
-        "per square kilometer" in result.raw
-    ), "Agent should calculate population density"
+    assert "21 million" in result.raw or "37 million" in result.raw, (
+        "Agent should find Tokyo's population"
+    )
+    assert "per square kilometer" in result.raw, (
+        "Agent should calculate population density"
+    )
 
     received_events = []
 
@@ -294,6 +295,7 @@ def test_sets_parent_flow_when_inside_flow():
 
     mock_llm = Mock(spec=LLM)
     mock_llm.call.return_value = "Test response"
+    mock_llm.stop = []
 
     class MyFlow(Flow):
         @start()

tests/cassettes/test_get_knowledge_search_query.yaml

@@ -330,4 +330,222 @@ interactions:
     status:
       code: 200
       message: OK
+- request:
+    body: '{"input": ["Capital of France"], "model": "text-embedding-3-small", "encoding_format":
+      "base64"}'
+    headers:
+      accept:
+      - application/json
+      accept-encoding:
+      - gzip, deflate, zstd
+      connection:
+      - keep-alive
+      content-length:
+      - '96'
+      content-type:
+      - application/json
+      cookie:
+      - _cfuvid=rvDDZbBWaissP0luvtyuyyAWcPx3AiaoZS9LkAuK4sM-1746636999152-0.0.1.1-604800000
+      host:
+      - api.openai.com
+      user-agent:
+      - OpenAI/Python 1.93.0
+      x-stainless-arch:
+      - arm64
+      x-stainless-async:
+      - 'false'
+      x-stainless-lang:
+      - python
+      x-stainless-os:
+      - MacOS
+      x-stainless-package-version:
+      - 1.93.0
+      x-stainless-read-timeout:
+      - '600'
+      x-stainless-retry-count:
+      - '0'
+      x-stainless-runtime:
+      - CPython
+      x-stainless-runtime-version:
+      - 3.12.9
+    method: POST
+    uri: https://api.openai.com/v1/embeddings
+  response:
+    body:
+      string: !!binary |
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tests/cli/test_subprocess_utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+import subprocess
+from unittest import mock
+
+import pytest
+
+from crewai.cli.subprocess_utils import run_command
+
+
+class TestRunCommand:
+    """Test the cross-platform subprocess utility."""
+
+    @mock.patch("platform.system")
+    @mock.patch("subprocess.run")
+    def test_windows_uses_shell_true(self, mock_subprocess_run, mock_platform):
+        """Test that Windows uses shell=True with proper command conversion."""
+        mock_platform.return_value = "Windows"
+        mock_subprocess_run.return_value = subprocess.CompletedProcess(
+            args="uv run test", returncode=0
+        )
+
+        command = ["uv", "run", "test"]
+        run_command(command)
+
+        mock_subprocess_run.assert_called_once()
+        call_args = mock_subprocess_run.call_args
+
+        assert call_args[1]["shell"] is True
+        assert isinstance(call_args[0][0], str)
+        assert "uv run test" in call_args[0][0]
+
+    @mock.patch("platform.system")
+    @mock.patch("subprocess.run")
+    def test_unix_uses_shell_false(self, mock_subprocess_run, mock_platform):
+        """Test that Unix-like systems use shell=False with list commands."""
+        mock_platform.return_value = "Linux"
+        mock_subprocess_run.return_value = subprocess.CompletedProcess(
+            args=["uv", "run", "test"], returncode=0
+        )
+
+        command = ["uv", "run", "test"]
+        run_command(command)
+
+        mock_subprocess_run.assert_called_once()
+        call_args = mock_subprocess_run.call_args
+
+        assert call_args[1].get("shell", False) is False
+        assert call_args[0][0] == command
+
+    @mock.patch("platform.system")
+    @mock.patch("subprocess.run")
+    def test_windows_command_escaping(self, mock_subprocess_run, mock_platform):
+        """Test that Windows properly escapes command arguments."""
+        mock_platform.return_value = "Windows"
+        mock_subprocess_run.return_value = subprocess.CompletedProcess(
+            args="test", returncode=0
+        )
+
+        command = ["echo", "hello world", "test&special"]
+        run_command(command)
+
+        mock_subprocess_run.assert_called_once()
+        call_args = mock_subprocess_run.call_args
+        command_str = call_args[0][0]
+
+        assert '"hello world"' in command_str or "'hello world'" in command_str
+
+    @mock.patch("platform.system")
+    @mock.patch("subprocess.run")
+    def test_error_handling_preserved(self, mock_subprocess_run, mock_platform):
+        """Test that CalledProcessError is properly raised."""
+        mock_platform.return_value = "Windows"
+        mock_subprocess_run.side_effect = subprocess.CalledProcessError(1, "test")
+
+        with pytest.raises(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
+            run_command(["test"], check=True)
+
+    @mock.patch("platform.system")
+    @mock.patch("subprocess.run")
+    def test_all_parameters_passed_through(self, mock_subprocess_run, mock_platform):
+        """Test that all subprocess parameters are properly passed through."""
+        mock_platform.return_value = "Linux"
+        mock_subprocess_run.return_value = subprocess.CompletedProcess(
+            args=["test"], returncode=0
+        )
+
+        run_command(
+            ["test"],
+            capture_output=True,
+            text=False,
+            check=False,
+            cwd="/home/test",
+            env={"TEST": "value"},
+            timeout=30
+        )
+
+        mock_subprocess_run.assert_called_once()
+        call_args = mock_subprocess_run.call_args
+
+        assert call_args[1]["capture_output"] is True
+        assert call_args[1]["text"] is False
+        assert call_args[1]["check"] is False
+        assert call_args[1]["cwd"] == "/home/test"
+        assert call_args[1]["env"] == {"TEST": "value"}
+        assert call_args[1]["timeout"] == 30
+
+    @mock.patch("platform.system")
+    @mock.patch("subprocess.run")
+    def test_macos_uses_shell_false(self, mock_subprocess_run, mock_platform):
+        """Test that macOS uses shell=False with list commands."""
+        mock_platform.return_value = "Darwin"
+        mock_subprocess_run.return_value = subprocess.CompletedProcess(
+            args=["uv", "run", "test"], returncode=0
+        )
+
+        command = ["uv", "run", "test"]
+        run_command(command)
+
+        mock_subprocess_run.assert_called_once()
+        call_args = mock_subprocess_run.call_args
+
+        assert call_args[1].get("shell", False) is False
+        assert call_args[0][0] == command
+
+    @mock.patch("platform.system")
+    @mock.patch("subprocess.run")
+    def test_windows_string_passthrough(self, mock_subprocess_run, mock_platform):
+        """Test that Windows passes through string commands unchanged."""
+        mock_platform.return_value = "Windows"
+        mock_subprocess_run.return_value = subprocess.CompletedProcess(
+            args="test command", returncode=0
+        )
+
+        command_str = "test command with spaces"
+        run_command(command_str)
+
+        mock_subprocess_run.assert_called_once()
+        call_args = mock_subprocess_run.call_args
+
+        assert call_args[0][0] == command_str
+        assert call_args[1]["shell"] is True

tests/storage/test_mem0_storage.py

@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@ class MockCrew:
 @pytest.fixture
 def mock_mem0_memory():
     """Fixture to create a mock Memory instance"""
-    mock_memory = MagicMock(spec=Memory)
-    return mock_memory
+    return MagicMock(spec=Memory)
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
@@ -73,8 +72,7 @@ def test_mem0_storage_initialization(mem0_storage_with_mocked_config, mock_mem0_
 @pytest.fixture
 def mock_mem0_memory_client():
     """Fixture to create a mock MemoryClient instance"""
-    mock_memory = MagicMock(spec=MemoryClient)
-    return mock_memory
+    return MagicMock(spec=MemoryClient)
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
@@ -96,8 +94,7 @@ def mem0_storage_with_memory_client_using_config_from_crew(mock_mem0_memory_clie
                     "infer": True
                 }
 
-        mem0_storage = Mem0Storage(type="short_term", crew=crew, config=embedder_config)
-        return mem0_storage
+        return Mem0Storage(type="short_term", crew=crew, config=embedder_config)
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
@@ -111,8 +108,7 @@ def mem0_storage_with_memory_client_using_explictly_config(mock_mem0_memory_clie
         crew = MockCrew()
         new_config = {"provider": "mem0", "config": {"api_key": "new-api-key"}}
 
-        mem0_storage = Mem0Storage(type="short_term", crew=crew, config=new_config)
-        return mem0_storage
+        return Mem0Storage(type="short_term", crew=crew, config=new_config)
 
 
 def test_mem0_storage_with_memory_client_initialization(
@@ -172,14 +168,14 @@ def test_save_method_with_memory_oss(mem0_storage_with_mocked_config):
 
     # Test short_term memory type (already set in fixture)
     test_value = "This is a test memory"
-    test_metadata = {"key": "value"}
+    test_metadata = {'description': 'Respond to user conversation. User message: What do you know about me?', 'messages': [{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You are Friendly chatbot assistant. You are a kind and knowledgeable chatbot assistant. You excel at understanding user needs, providing helpful responses, and maintaining engaging conversations. You remember previous interactions to provide a personalized experience.\nYour personal goal is: Engage in useful and interesting conversations with users while remembering context.\nTo give my best complete final answer to the task respond using the exact following format:\n\nThought: I now can give a great answer\nFinal Answer: Your final answer must be the great and the most complete as possible, it must be outcome described.\n\nI MUST use these formats, my job depends on it!'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': '\nCurrent Task: Respond to user conversation. User message: What do you know about me?\n\nThis is the expected criteria for your final answer: Contextually appropriate, helpful, and friendly response.\nyou MUST return the actual complete content as the final answer, not a summary.\n\n# Useful context: \nExternal memories:\n- User is from India\n- User is interested in the solar system\n- User name is Vidit Ostwal\n- User is interested in French cuisine\n\nBegin! This is VERY important to you, use the tools available and give your best Final Answer, your job depends on it!\n\nThought:'}, {'role': 'assistant', 'content': "I now can give a great answer  \nFinal Answer: Hi Vidit! From our previous conversations, I know you're from India and have a great interest in the solar system. It's fascinating to explore the wonders of space, isn't it? Also, I remember you have a passion for French cuisine, which has so many delightful dishes to explore. If there's anything specific you'd like to discuss or learn about—whether it's about the solar system or some great French recipes—feel free to let me know! I'm here to help."}], 'agent': 'Friendly chatbot assistant'}
 
     mem0_storage.save(test_value, test_metadata)
 
     mem0_storage.memory.add.assert_called_once_with(
-        [{"role": "assistant" , "content": test_value}],
+        [{'role': 'user', 'content': 'What do you know about me?'}, {'role': 'assistant', 'content': "Hi Vidit! From our previous conversations, I know you're from India and have a great interest in the solar system. It's fascinating to explore the wonders of space, isn't it? Also, I remember you have a passion for French cuisine, which has so many delightful dishes to explore. If there's anything specific you'd like to discuss or learn about—whether it's about the solar system or some great French recipes—feel free to let me know! I'm here to help."}],
         infer=True,
-        metadata={"type": "short_term", "key": "value"},
+        metadata={'type': 'short_term', 'description': 'Respond to user conversation. User message: What do you know about me?', 'agent': 'Friendly chatbot assistant'},
         run_id="my_run_id",
         user_id="test_user",
         agent_id='Test_Agent'
@@ -191,14 +187,14 @@ def test_save_method_with_multiple_agents(mem0_storage_with_mocked_config):
     mem0_storage.memory.add = MagicMock()
 
     test_value = "This is a test memory"
-    test_metadata = {"key": "value"}
+    test_metadata = {'description': 'Respond to user conversation. User message: What do you know about me?', 'messages': [{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You are Friendly chatbot assistant. You are a kind and knowledgeable chatbot assistant. You excel at understanding user needs, providing helpful responses, and maintaining engaging conversations. You remember previous interactions to provide a personalized experience.\nYour personal goal is: Engage in useful and interesting conversations with users while remembering context.\nTo give my best complete final answer to the task respond using the exact following format:\n\nThought: I now can give a great answer\nFinal Answer: Your final answer must be the great and the most complete as possible, it must be outcome described.\n\nI MUST use these formats, my job depends on it!'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': '\nCurrent Task: Respond to user conversation. User message: What do you know about me?\n\nThis is the expected criteria for your final answer: Contextually appropriate, helpful, and friendly response.\nyou MUST return the actual complete content as the final answer, not a summary.\n\n# Useful context: \nExternal memories:\n- User is from India\n- User is interested in the solar system\n- User name is Vidit Ostwal\n- User is interested in French cuisine\n\nBegin! This is VERY important to you, use the tools available and give your best Final Answer, your job depends on it!\n\nThought:'}, {'role': 'assistant', 'content': "I now can give a great answer  \nFinal Answer: Hi Vidit! From our previous conversations, I know you're from India and have a great interest in the solar system. It's fascinating to explore the wonders of space, isn't it? Also, I remember you have a passion for French cuisine, which has so many delightful dishes to explore. If there's anything specific you'd like to discuss or learn about—whether it's about the solar system or some great French recipes—feel free to let me know! I'm here to help."}], 'agent': 'Friendly chatbot assistant'}
 
     mem0_storage.save(test_value, test_metadata)
 
     mem0_storage.memory.add.assert_called_once_with(
-        [{"role": "assistant" , "content": test_value}],
+        [{'role': 'user', 'content': 'What do you know about me?'}, {'role': 'assistant', 'content': "Hi Vidit! From our previous conversations, I know you're from India and have a great interest in the solar system. It's fascinating to explore the wonders of space, isn't it? Also, I remember you have a passion for French cuisine, which has so many delightful dishes to explore. If there's anything specific you'd like to discuss or learn about—whether it's about the solar system or some great French recipes—feel free to let me know! I'm here to help."}],
         infer=True,
-        metadata={"type": "short_term", "key": "value"},
+        metadata={'type': 'short_term', 'description': 'Respond to user conversation. User message: What do you know about me?', 'agent': 'Friendly chatbot assistant'},
         run_id="my_run_id",
         user_id="test_user",
         agent_id='Test_Agent_Test_Agent_2_Test_Agent_3'
@@ -212,14 +208,14 @@ def test_save_method_with_memory_client(mem0_storage_with_memory_client_using_co
 
     # Test short_term memory type (already set in fixture)
     test_value = "This is a test memory"
-    test_metadata = {"key": "value"}
+    test_metadata = {'description': 'Respond to user conversation. User message: What do you know about me?', 'messages': [{'role': 'system', 'content': 'You are Friendly chatbot assistant. You are a kind and knowledgeable chatbot assistant. You excel at understanding user needs, providing helpful responses, and maintaining engaging conversations. You remember previous interactions to provide a personalized experience.\nYour personal goal is: Engage in useful and interesting conversations with users while remembering context.\nTo give my best complete final answer to the task respond using the exact following format:\n\nThought: I now can give a great answer\nFinal Answer: Your final answer must be the great and the most complete as possible, it must be outcome described.\n\nI MUST use these formats, my job depends on it!'}, {'role': 'user', 'content': '\nCurrent Task: Respond to user conversation. User message: What do you know about me?\n\nThis is the expected criteria for your final answer: Contextually appropriate, helpful, and friendly response.\nyou MUST return the actual complete content as the final answer, not a summary.\n\n# Useful context: \nExternal memories:\n- User is from India\n- User is interested in the solar system\n- User name is Vidit Ostwal\n- User is interested in French cuisine\n\nBegin! This is VERY important to you, use the tools available and give your best Final Answer, your job depends on it!\n\nThought:'}, {'role': 'assistant', 'content': "I now can give a great answer  \nFinal Answer: Hi Vidit! From our previous conversations, I know you're from India and have a great interest in the solar system. It's fascinating to explore the wonders of space, isn't it? Also, I remember you have a passion for French cuisine, which has so many delightful dishes to explore. If there's anything specific you'd like to discuss or learn about—whether it's about the solar system or some great French recipes—feel free to let me know! I'm here to help."}], 'agent': 'Friendly chatbot assistant'}
 
     mem0_storage.save(test_value, test_metadata)
 
     mem0_storage.memory.add.assert_called_once_with(
-        [{'role': 'assistant' , 'content': test_value}],
+        [{'role': 'user', 'content': 'What do you know about me?'}, {'role': 'assistant', 'content': "Hi Vidit! From our previous conversations, I know you're from India and have a great interest in the solar system. It's fascinating to explore the wonders of space, isn't it? Also, I remember you have a passion for French cuisine, which has so many delightful dishes to explore. If there's anything specific you'd like to discuss or learn about—whether it's about the solar system or some great French recipes—feel free to let me know! I'm here to help."}],
         infer=True,
-        metadata={"type": "short_term", "key": "value"},
+       metadata={'type': 'short_term', 'description': 'Respond to user conversation. User message: What do you know about me?', 'agent': 'Friendly chatbot assistant'},
         version="v2",
         run_id="my_run_id",
         includes="include1",

tests/test_context.py

@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+# ruff: noqa: S105
+
+import os
+import pytest
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+from crewai.context import (
+    set_platform_integration_token,
+    get_platform_integration_token,
+    platform_context,
+    _platform_integration_token,
+)
+
+
+class TestPlatformIntegrationToken:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        _platform_integration_token.set(None)
+
+    def teardown_method(self):
+        _platform_integration_token.set(None)
+
+    def test_set_platform_integration_token(self):
+        test_token = "test-token-123"
+
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() is None
+
+        set_platform_integration_token(test_token)
+
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() == test_token
+
+    def test_get_platform_integration_token_from_context_var(self):
+        test_token = "context-var-token"
+
+        _platform_integration_token.set(test_token)
+
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() == test_token
+
+    @patch.dict(os.environ, {"CREWAI_PLATFORM_INTEGRATION_TOKEN": "env-token-456"})
+    def test_get_platform_integration_token_from_env_var(self):
+        assert _platform_integration_token.get() is None
+
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() == "env-token-456"
+
+    @patch.dict(os.environ, {"CREWAI_PLATFORM_INTEGRATION_TOKEN": "env-token"})
+    def test_context_var_takes_precedence_over_env_var(self):
+        context_token = "context-token"
+
+        set_platform_integration_token(context_token)
+
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() == context_token
+
+    @patch.dict(os.environ, {}, clear=True)
+    def test_get_platform_integration_token_returns_none_when_not_set(self):
+        assert _platform_integration_token.get() is None
+
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() is None
+
+    def test_platform_context_manager_basic_usage(self):
+        test_token = "context-manager-token"
+
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() is None
+
+        with platform_context(test_token):
+            assert get_platform_integration_token() == test_token
+
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() is None
+
+    def test_platform_context_manager_nested_contexts(self):
+        """Test nested platform_context context managers."""
+        outer_token = "outer-token"
+        inner_token = "inner-token"
+
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() is None
+
+        with platform_context(outer_token):
+            assert get_platform_integration_token() == outer_token
+
+            with platform_context(inner_token):
+                assert get_platform_integration_token() == inner_token
+
+            assert get_platform_integration_token() == outer_token
+
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() is None
+
+    def test_platform_context_manager_preserves_existing_token(self):
+        """Test that platform_context preserves existing token when exiting."""
+        initial_token = "initial-token"
+        context_token = "context-token"
+
+        set_platform_integration_token(initial_token)
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() == initial_token
+
+        with platform_context(context_token):
+            assert get_platform_integration_token() == context_token
+
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() == initial_token
+
+    def test_platform_context_manager_exception_handling(self):
+        """Test that platform_context properly resets token even when exception occurs."""
+        initial_token = "initial-token"
+        context_token = "context-token"
+
+        set_platform_integration_token(initial_token)
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            with platform_context(context_token):
+                assert get_platform_integration_token() == context_token
+                raise ValueError("Test exception")
+
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() == initial_token
+
+    def test_platform_context_manager_with_none_initial_state(self):
+        """Test platform_context when initial state is None."""
+        context_token = "context-token"
+
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() is None
+
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+            with platform_context(context_token):
+                assert get_platform_integration_token() == context_token
+                raise RuntimeError("Test exception")
+
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() is None
+
+    @patch.dict(os.environ, {"CREWAI_PLATFORM_INTEGRATION_TOKEN": "env-backup"})
+    def test_platform_context_with_env_fallback(self):
+        """Test platform_context interaction with environment variable fallback."""
+        context_token = "context-token"
+
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() == "env-backup"
+
+        with platform_context(context_token):
+            assert get_platform_integration_token() == context_token
+
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() == "env-backup"
+
+    def test_multiple_sequential_context_managers(self):
+        """Test multiple sequential uses of platform_context."""
+        token1 = "token-1"
+        token2 = "token-2"
+        token3 = "token-3"
+
+        with platform_context(token1):
+            assert get_platform_integration_token() == token1
+
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() is None
+
+        with platform_context(token2):
+            assert get_platform_integration_token() == token2
+
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() is None
+
+        with platform_context(token3):
+            assert get_platform_integration_token() == token3
+
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() is None
+
+    def test_empty_string_token(self):
+        empty_token = ""
+
+        set_platform_integration_token(empty_token)
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() == ""
+
+        with platform_context(empty_token):
+            assert get_platform_integration_token() == ""
+
+    def test_special_characters_in_token(self):
+        special_token = "token-with-!@#$%^&*()_+-={}[]|\\:;\"'<>?,./"
+
+        set_platform_integration_token(special_token)
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() == special_token
+
+        with platform_context(special_token):
+            assert get_platform_integration_token() == special_token
+
+    def test_very_long_token(self):
+        long_token = "a" * 10000
+
+        set_platform_integration_token(long_token)
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() == long_token
+
+        with platform_context(long_token):
+            assert get_platform_integration_token() == long_token
+
+    @patch.dict(os.environ, {"CREWAI_PLATFORM_INTEGRATION_TOKEN": ""})
+    def test_empty_env_var(self):
+        assert _platform_integration_token.get() is None
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() == ""
+
+    @patch('crewai.context.os.getenv')
+    def test_env_var_access_error_handling(self, mock_getenv):
+        mock_getenv.side_effect = OSError("Environment access error")
+
+        with pytest.raises(OSError):
+            get_platform_integration_token()
+
+    def test_context_var_isolation_between_tests(self):
+        """Test that context variable changes don't leak between test methods."""
+        test_token = "isolation-test-token"
+
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() is None
+
+        set_platform_integration_token(test_token)
+        assert get_platform_integration_token() == test_token
+
+
+    def test_context_manager_return_value(self):
+        """Test that platform_context can be used in with statement with return value."""
+        test_token = "return-value-token"
+
+        with platform_context(test_token):
+            assert get_platform_integration_token() == test_token
+
+        with platform_context(test_token) as ctx:
+            assert ctx is None
+            assert get_platform_integration_token() == test_token

tests/test_crew.py

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 """Test Agent creation and execution basic functionality."""
 
-import hashlib
 import json
+from collections import defaultdict
 from concurrent.futures import Future
+from hashlib import md5
 from unittest import mock
 from unittest.mock import ANY, MagicMock, patch
-from collections import defaultdict
 
 import pydantic_core
 import pytest
@@ -14,11 +14,29 @@ from crewai.agent import Agent
 from crewai.agents import CacheHandler
 from crewai.crew import Crew
 from crewai.crews.crew_output import CrewOutput
+from crewai.events.event_bus import crewai_event_bus
+from crewai.events.types.crew_events import (
+    CrewTestCompletedEvent,
+    CrewTestStartedEvent,
+    CrewTrainCompletedEvent,
+    CrewTrainStartedEvent,
+)
+from crewai.events.types.memory_events import (
+    MemoryQueryCompletedEvent,
+    MemoryQueryFailedEvent,
+    MemoryQueryStartedEvent,
+    MemoryRetrievalCompletedEvent,
+    MemoryRetrievalStartedEvent,
+    MemorySaveCompletedEvent,
+    MemorySaveFailedEvent,
+    MemorySaveStartedEvent,
+)
 from crewai.flow import Flow, start
 from crewai.knowledge.knowledge import Knowledge
 from crewai.knowledge.source.string_knowledge_source import StringKnowledgeSource
 from crewai.llm import LLM
 from crewai.memory.contextual.contextual_memory import ContextualMemory
+from crewai.memory.external.external_memory import ExternalMemory
 from crewai.memory.long_term.long_term_memory import LongTermMemory
 from crewai.memory.short_term.short_term_memory import ShortTermMemory
 from crewai.process import Process
@@ -27,28 +45,9 @@ from crewai.tasks.conditional_task import ConditionalTask
 from crewai.tasks.output_format import OutputFormat
 from crewai.tasks.task_output import TaskOutput
 from crewai.types.usage_metrics import UsageMetrics
-from crewai.events.event_bus import crewai_event_bus
-from crewai.events.types.crew_events import (
-    CrewTestCompletedEvent,
-    CrewTestStartedEvent,
-    CrewTrainCompletedEvent,
-    CrewTrainStartedEvent,
-)
 from crewai.utilities.rpm_controller import RPMController
 from crewai.utilities.task_output_storage_handler import TaskOutputStorageHandler
 
-from crewai.events.types.memory_events import (
-    MemorySaveStartedEvent,
-    MemorySaveCompletedEvent,
-    MemorySaveFailedEvent,
-    MemoryQueryStartedEvent,
-    MemoryQueryCompletedEvent,
-    MemoryQueryFailedEvent,
-    MemoryRetrievalStartedEvent,
-    MemoryRetrievalCompletedEvent,
-)
-from crewai.memory.external.external_memory import ExternalMemory
-
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def ceo():
@@ -364,7 +363,7 @@ def test_hierarchical_process(researcher, writer):
 
     assert (
         result.raw
-        == "1. **The Rise of Autonomous AI Agents in Daily Life**  \n   As artificial intelligence technology progresses, the integration of autonomous AI agents into everyday life becomes increasingly prominent. These agents, capable of making decisions without human intervention, are reshaping industries from healthcare to finance. Exploring case studies where autonomous AI has successfully decreased operational costs or improved efficiency can reveal not only the benefits but also the ethical implications of delegating decision-making to machines. This topic offers an exciting opportunity to dive into the AI landscape, showcasing current developments such as AI assistants and autonomous vehicles.\n\n2. **Ethical Implications of Generative AI in Creative Industries**  \n   The surge of generative AI tools in creative fields, such as art, music, and writing, has sparked a heated debate about authorship and originality. This article could investigate how these tools are being used by artists and creators, examining both the potential for innovation and the risk of devaluing traditional art forms. Highlighting perspectives from creators, legal experts, and ethicists could provide a comprehensive overview of the challenges faced, including copyright concerns and the emotional impact on human artists. This discussion is vital as the creative landscape evolves alongside technological advancements, making it ripe for exploration.\n\n3. **AI in Climate Change Mitigation: Current Solutions and Future Potential**  \n   As the world grapples with climate change, AI technology is increasingly being harnessed to develop innovative solutions for sustainability. From predictive analytics that optimize energy consumption to machine learning algorithms that improve carbon capture methods, AI's potential in environmental science is vast. This topic invites an exploration of existing AI applications in climate initiatives, with a focus on groundbreaking research and initiatives aimed at reducing humanity's carbon footprint. Highlighting successful projects and technology partnerships can illustrate the positive impact AI can have on global climate efforts, inspiring further exploration and investment in this area.\n\n4. **The Future of Work: How AI is Reshaping Employment Landscapes**  \n   The discussions around AI's impact on the workforce are both urgent and complex, as advances in automation and machine learning continue to transform the job market. This article could delve into the current trends of AI-driven job displacement alongside opportunities for upskilling and the creation of new job roles. By examining case studies of companies that integrate AI effectively and the resulting workforce adaptations, readers can gain valuable insights into preparing for a future where humans and AI collaborate. This exploration highlights the importance of policies that promote workforce resilience in the face of change.\n\n5. **Decentralized AI: Exploring the Role of Blockchain in AI Development**  \n   As blockchain technology sweeps through various sectors, its application in AI development presents a fascinating topic worth examining. Decentralized AI could address issues of data privacy, security, and democratization in AI models by allowing users to retain ownership of data while benefiting from AI's capabilities. This article could analyze how decentralized networks are disrupting traditional AI development models, featuring innovative projects that harness the synergy between blockchain and AI. Highlighting potential pitfalls and the future landscape of decentralized AI could stimulate discussion among technologists, entrepreneurs, and policymakers alike."
+        == "**1. The Rise of Autonomous AI Agents in Daily Life**  \nAs artificial intelligence technology progresses, the integration of autonomous AI agents into everyday life becomes increasingly prominent. These agents, capable of making decisions without human intervention, are reshaping industries from healthcare to finance. Exploring case studies where autonomous AI has successfully decreased operational costs or improved efficiency can reveal not only the benefits but also the ethical implications of delegating decision-making to machines. This topic offers an exciting opportunity to dive into the AI landscape, showcasing current developments such as AI assistants and autonomous vehicles.\n\n**2. Ethical Implications of Generative AI in Creative Industries**  \nThe surge of generative AI tools in creative fields, such as art, music, and writing, has sparked a heated debate about authorship and originality. This article could investigate how these tools are being used by artists and creators, examining both the potential for innovation and the risk of devaluing traditional art forms. Highlighting perspectives from creators, legal experts, and ethicists could provide a comprehensive overview of the challenges faced, including copyright concerns and the emotional impact on human artists. This discussion is vital as the creative landscape evolves alongside technological advancements, making it ripe for exploration.\n\n**3. AI in Climate Change Mitigation: Current Solutions and Future Potential**  \nAs the world grapples with climate change, AI technology is increasingly being harnessed to develop innovative solutions for sustainability. From predictive analytics that optimize energy consumption to machine learning algorithms that improve carbon capture methods, AI's potential in environmental science is vast. This topic invites an exploration of existing AI applications in climate initiatives, with a focus on groundbreaking research and initiatives aimed at reducing humanity's carbon footprint. Highlighting successful projects and technology partnerships can illustrate the positive impact AI can have on global climate efforts, inspiring further exploration and investment in this area.\n\n**4. The Future of Work: How AI is Reshaping Employment Landscapes**  \nThe discussions around AI's impact on the workforce are both urgent and complex, as advances in automation and machine learning continue to transform the job market. This article could delve into the current trends of AI-driven job displacement alongside opportunities for upskilling and the creation of new job roles. By examining case studies of companies that integrate AI effectively and the resulting workforce adaptations, readers can gain valuable insights into preparing for a future where humans and AI collaborate. This exploration highlights the importance of policies that promote workforce resilience in the face of change.\n\n**5. Decentralized AI: Exploring the Role of Blockchain in AI Development**  \nAs blockchain technology sweeps through various sectors, its application in AI development presents a fascinating topic worth examining. Decentralized AI could address issues of data privacy, security, and democratization in AI models by allowing users to retain ownership of data while benefiting from AI's capabilities. This article could analyze how decentralized networks are disrupting traditional AI development models, featuring innovative projects that harness the synergy between blockchain and AI. Highlighting potential pitfalls and the future landscape of decentralized AI could stimulate discussion among technologists, entrepreneurs, and policymakers alike.\n\nThese topics not only reflect current trends but also probe deeper into ethical and practical considerations, making them timely and relevant for contemporary audiences."
     )
 
 
@@ -570,8 +569,6 @@ def test_crew_with_delegating_agents(ceo, writer):
 
 @pytest.mark.vcr(filter_headers=["authorization"])
 def test_crew_with_delegating_agents_should_not_override_task_tools(ceo, writer):
-    from typing import Type
-
     from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
     from crewai.tools import BaseTool
@@ -584,7 +581,7 @@ def test_crew_with_delegating_agents_should_not_override_task_tools(ceo, writer)
     class TestTool(BaseTool):
         name: str = "Test Tool"
         description: str = "A test tool that just returns the input"
-        args_schema: Type[BaseModel] = TestToolInput
+        args_schema: type[BaseModel] = TestToolInput
 
         def _run(self, query: str) -> str:
             return f"Processed: {query}"
@@ -622,18 +619,16 @@ def test_crew_with_delegating_agents_should_not_override_task_tools(ceo, writer)
         _, kwargs = mock_execute_sync.call_args
         tools = kwargs["tools"]
 
-        assert any(
-            isinstance(tool, TestTool) for tool in tools
-        ), "TestTool should be present"
-        assert any(
-            "delegate" in tool.name.lower() for tool in tools
-        ), "Delegation tool should be present"
+        assert any(isinstance(tool, TestTool) for tool in tools), (
+            "TestTool should be present"
+        )
+        assert any("delegate" in tool.name.lower() for tool in tools), (
+            "Delegation tool should be present"
+        )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.vcr(filter_headers=["authorization"])
 def test_crew_with_delegating_agents_should_not_override_agent_tools(ceo, writer):
-    from typing import Type
-
     from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
     from crewai.tools import BaseTool
@@ -646,7 +641,7 @@ def test_crew_with_delegating_agents_should_not_override_agent_tools(ceo, writer
     class TestTool(BaseTool):
         name: str = "Test Tool"
         description: str = "A test tool that just returns the input"
-        args_schema: Type[BaseModel] = TestToolInput
+        args_schema: type[BaseModel] = TestToolInput
 
         def _run(self, query: str) -> str:
             return f"Processed: {query}"
@@ -686,18 +681,16 @@ def test_crew_with_delegating_agents_should_not_override_agent_tools(ceo, writer
         _, kwargs = mock_execute_sync.call_args
         tools = kwargs["tools"]
 
-        assert any(
-            isinstance(tool, TestTool) for tool in new_ceo.tools
-        ), "TestTool should be present"
-        assert any(
-            "delegate" in tool.name.lower() for tool in tools
-        ), "Delegation tool should be present"
+        assert any(isinstance(tool, TestTool) for tool in new_ceo.tools), (
+            "TestTool should be present"
+        )
+        assert any("delegate" in tool.name.lower() for tool in tools), (
+            "Delegation tool should be present"
+        )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.vcr(filter_headers=["authorization"])
 def test_task_tools_override_agent_tools(researcher):
-    from typing import Type
-
     from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
     from crewai.tools import BaseTool
@@ -710,7 +703,7 @@ def test_task_tools_override_agent_tools(researcher):
     class TestTool(BaseTool):
         name: str = "Test Tool"
         description: str = "A test tool that just returns the input"
-        args_schema: Type[BaseModel] = TestToolInput
+        args_schema: type[BaseModel] = TestToolInput
 
         def _run(self, query: str) -> str:
             return f"Processed: {query}"
@@ -718,7 +711,7 @@ def test_task_tools_override_agent_tools(researcher):
     class AnotherTestTool(BaseTool):
         name: str = "Another Test Tool"
         description: str = "Another test tool"
-        args_schema: Type[BaseModel] = TestToolInput
+        args_schema: type[BaseModel] = TestToolInput
 
         def _run(self, query: str) -> str:
             return f"Another processed: {query}"
@@ -754,7 +747,6 @@ def test_task_tools_override_agent_tools_with_allow_delegation(researcher, write
     """
     Test that task tools override agent tools while preserving delegation tools when allow_delegation=True
     """
-    from typing import Type
 
     from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
@@ -766,7 +758,7 @@ def test_task_tools_override_agent_tools_with_allow_delegation(researcher, write
     class TestTool(BaseTool):
         name: str = "Test Tool"
         description: str = "A test tool that just returns the input"
-        args_schema: Type[BaseModel] = TestToolInput
+        args_schema: type[BaseModel] = TestToolInput
 
         def _run(self, query: str) -> str:
             return f"Processed: {query}"
@@ -774,7 +766,7 @@ def test_task_tools_override_agent_tools_with_allow_delegation(researcher, write
     class AnotherTestTool(BaseTool):
         name: str = "Another Test Tool"
         description: str = "Another test tool"
-        args_schema: Type[BaseModel] = TestToolInput
+        args_schema: type[BaseModel] = TestToolInput
 
         def _run(self, query: str) -> str:
             return f"Another processed: {query}"
@@ -815,17 +807,17 @@ def test_task_tools_override_agent_tools_with_allow_delegation(researcher, write
         used_tools = kwargs["tools"]
 
         # Confirm AnotherTestTool is present but TestTool is not
-        assert any(
-            isinstance(tool, AnotherTestTool) for tool in used_tools
-        ), "AnotherTestTool should be present"
-        assert not any(
-            isinstance(tool, TestTool) for tool in used_tools
-        ), "TestTool should not be present among used tools"
+        assert any(isinstance(tool, AnotherTestTool) for tool in used_tools), (
+            "AnotherTestTool should be present"
+        )
+        assert not any(isinstance(tool, TestTool) for tool in used_tools), (
+            "TestTool should not be present among used tools"
+        )
 
         # Confirm delegation tool(s) are present
-        assert any(
-            "delegate" in tool.name.lower() for tool in used_tools
-        ), "Delegation tool should be present"
+        assert any("delegate" in tool.name.lower() for tool in used_tools), (
+            "Delegation tool should be present"
+        )
 
     # Finally, make sure the agent's original tools remain unchanged
     assert len(researcher_with_delegation.tools) == 1
@@ -929,9 +921,9 @@ def test_cache_hitting_between_agents(researcher, writer, ceo):
             tool="multiplier", input={"first_number": 2, "second_number": 6}
         )
         assert cache_calls[0] == expected_call, f"First call mismatch: {cache_calls[0]}"
-        assert (
-            cache_calls[1] == expected_call
-        ), f"Second call mismatch: {cache_calls[1]}"
+        assert cache_calls[1] == expected_call, (
+            f"Second call mismatch: {cache_calls[1]}"
+        )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.vcr(filter_headers=["authorization"])
@@ -1042,7 +1034,7 @@ def test_crew_kickoff_streaming_usage_metrics():
         assert result.token_usage.cached_prompt_tokens == 0
 
 
-def test_agents_rpm_is_never_set_if_crew_max_RPM_is_not_set():
+def test_agents_rpm_is_never_set_if_crew_max_rpm_is_not_set():
     agent = Agent(
         role="test role",
         goal="test goal",
@@ -1395,8 +1387,9 @@ def test_kickoff_for_each_error_handling():
     crew = Crew(agents=[agent], tasks=[task])
 
     with patch.object(Crew, "kickoff") as mock_kickoff:
-        mock_kickoff.side_effect = expected_outputs[:2] + [
-            Exception("Simulated kickoff error")
+        mock_kickoff.side_effect = [
+            *expected_outputs[:2],
+            Exception("Simulated kickoff error"),
         ]
         with pytest.raises(Exception, match="Simulated kickoff error"):
             crew.kickoff_for_each(inputs=inputs)
@@ -1674,9 +1667,9 @@ def test_code_execution_flag_adds_code_tool_upon_kickoff():
 
             # Verify that exactly one tool was used and it was a CodeInterpreterTool
             assert len(used_tools) == 1, "Should have exactly one tool"
-            assert isinstance(
-                used_tools[0], CodeInterpreterTool
-            ), "Tool should be CodeInterpreterTool"
+            assert isinstance(used_tools[0], CodeInterpreterTool), (
+                "Tool should be CodeInterpreterTool"
+            )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.vcr(filter_headers=["authorization"])
@@ -1760,10 +1753,10 @@ def test_agent_usage_metrics_are_captured_for_hierarchical_process():
     assert result.raw == "Howdy!"
 
     assert result.token_usage == UsageMetrics(
-        total_tokens=2390,
-        prompt_tokens=2264,
-        completion_tokens=126,
-        successful_requests=4,
+        total_tokens=1673,
+        prompt_tokens=1562,
+        completion_tokens=111,
+        successful_requests=3,
         cached_prompt_tokens=0,
     )
 
@@ -2179,8 +2172,7 @@ def test_tools_with_custom_caching():
         return first_number * second_number
 
     def cache_func(args, result):
-        cache = result % 2 == 0
-        return cache
+        return result % 2 == 0
 
     multiplcation_tool.cache_function = cache_func
 
@@ -2884,7 +2876,7 @@ def test_manager_agent_with_tools_raises_exception(researcher, writer):
         tasks=[task],
     )
 
-    with pytest.raises(Exception):
+    with pytest.raises(Exception, match="Manager agent should not have tools"):
         crew.kickoff()
 
 
@@ -3108,7 +3100,7 @@ def test_crew_task_db_init():
             db_handler.load()
             assert True  # If we reach this point, no exception was raised
         except Exception as e:
-            pytest.fail(f"An exception was raised: {str(e)}")
+            pytest.fail(f"An exception was raised: {e!s}")
 
 
 @pytest.mark.vcr(filter_headers=["authorization"])
@@ -3494,8 +3486,9 @@ def test_key(researcher, writer):
         process=Process.sequential,
         tasks=tasks,
     )
-    hash = hashlib.md5(
-        f"{researcher.key}|{writer.key}|{tasks[0].key}|{tasks[1].key}".encode()
+    hash = md5(
+        f"{researcher.key}|{writer.key}|{tasks[0].key}|{tasks[1].key}".encode(),
+        usedforsecurity=False,
     ).hexdigest()
 
     assert crew.key == hash
@@ -3534,8 +3527,9 @@ def test_key_with_interpolated_inputs():
         process=Process.sequential,
         tasks=tasks,
     )
-    hash = hashlib.md5(
-        f"{researcher.key}|{writer.key}|{tasks[0].key}|{tasks[1].key}".encode()
+    hash = md5(
+        f"{researcher.key}|{writer.key}|{tasks[0].key}|{tasks[1].key}".encode(),
+        usedforsecurity=False,
     ).hexdigest()
 
     assert crew.key == hash
@@ -3815,16 +3809,15 @@ def test_fetch_inputs():
     expected_placeholders = {"role_detail", "topic", "field"}
     actual_placeholders = crew.fetch_inputs()
 
-    assert (
-        actual_placeholders == expected_placeholders
-    ), f"Expected {expected_placeholders}, but got {actual_placeholders}"
+    assert actual_placeholders == expected_placeholders, (
+        f"Expected {expected_placeholders}, but got {actual_placeholders}"
+    )
 
 
 def test_task_tools_preserve_code_execution_tools():
     """
     Test that task tools don't override code execution tools when allow_code_execution=True
     """
-    from typing import Type
 
     # Mock embedchain initialization to prevent race conditions in parallel CI execution
     with patch("embedchain.client.Client.setup"):
@@ -3841,7 +3834,7 @@ def test_task_tools_preserve_code_execution_tools():
     class TestTool(BaseTool):
         name: str = "Test Tool"
         description: str = "A test tool that just returns the input"
-        args_schema: Type[BaseModel] = TestToolInput
+        args_schema: type[BaseModel] = TestToolInput
 
         def _run(self, query: str) -> str:
             return f"Processed: {query}"
@@ -3892,20 +3885,20 @@ def test_task_tools_preserve_code_execution_tools():
         used_tools = kwargs["tools"]
 
         # Verify all expected tools are present
-        assert any(
-            isinstance(tool, TestTool) for tool in used_tools
-        ), "Task's TestTool should be present"
-        assert any(
-            isinstance(tool, CodeInterpreterTool) for tool in used_tools
-        ), "CodeInterpreterTool should be present"
-        assert any(
-            "delegate" in tool.name.lower() for tool in used_tools
-        ), "Delegation tool should be present"
+        assert any(isinstance(tool, TestTool) for tool in used_tools), (
+            "Task's TestTool should be present"
+        )
+        assert any(isinstance(tool, CodeInterpreterTool) for tool in used_tools), (
+            "CodeInterpreterTool should be present"
+        )
+        assert any("delegate" in tool.name.lower() for tool in used_tools), (
+            "Delegation tool should be present"
+        )
 
         # Verify the total number of tools (TestTool + CodeInterpreter + 2 delegation tools)
-        assert (
-            len(used_tools) == 4
-        ), "Should have TestTool, CodeInterpreter, and 2 delegation tools"
+        assert len(used_tools) == 4, (
+            "Should have TestTool, CodeInterpreter, and 2 delegation tools"
+        )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.vcr(filter_headers=["authorization"])
@@ -3949,9 +3942,9 @@ def test_multimodal_flag_adds_multimodal_tools():
         used_tools = kwargs["tools"]
 
         # Check that the multimodal tool was added
-        assert any(
-            isinstance(tool, AddImageTool) for tool in used_tools
-        ), "AddImageTool should be present when agent is multimodal"
+        assert any(isinstance(tool, AddImageTool) for tool in used_tools), (
+            "AddImageTool should be present when agent is multimodal"
+        )
 
         # Verify we have exactly one tool (just the AddImageTool)
         assert len(used_tools) == 1, "Should only have the AddImageTool"
@@ -4215,9 +4208,9 @@ def test_crew_guardrail_feedback_in_context():
     assert len(execution_contexts) > 1, "Task should have been executed multiple times"
 
     # Verify that the second execution included the guardrail feedback
-    assert (
-        "Output must contain the keyword 'IMPORTANT'" in execution_contexts[1]
-    ), "Guardrail feedback should be included in retry context"
+    assert "Output must contain the keyword 'IMPORTANT'" in execution_contexts[1], (
+        "Guardrail feedback should be included in retry context"
+    )
 
     # Verify final output meets guardrail requirements
     assert "IMPORTANT" in result.raw, "Final output should contain required keyword"
@@ -4232,13 +4225,11 @@ def test_before_kickoff_callback():
 
     @CrewBase
     class TestCrewClass:
-        from typing import List
-
         from crewai.agents.agent_builder.base_agent import BaseAgent
         from crewai.project import CrewBase, agent, before_kickoff, crew, task
 
-        agents: List[BaseAgent]
-        tasks: List[Task]
+        agents: list[BaseAgent]
+        tasks: list[Task]
 
         agents_config = None
         tasks_config = None
@@ -4262,12 +4253,11 @@ def test_before_kickoff_callback():
 
         @task
         def my_task(self):
-            task = Task(
+            return Task(
                 description="Test task description",
                 expected_output="Test expected output",
                 agent=self.my_agent(),
             )
-            return task
 
         @crew
         def crew(self):
@@ -4433,46 +4423,46 @@ def test_crew_copy_with_memory():
     try:
         crew_copy = crew.copy()
 
-        assert hasattr(
-            crew_copy, "_short_term_memory"
-        ), "Copied crew should have _short_term_memory"
-        assert (
-            crew_copy._short_term_memory is not None
-        ), "Copied _short_term_memory should not be None"
-        assert (
-            id(crew_copy._short_term_memory) != original_short_term_id
-        ), "Copied _short_term_memory should be a new object"
+        assert hasattr(crew_copy, "_short_term_memory"), (
+            "Copied crew should have _short_term_memory"
+        )
+        assert crew_copy._short_term_memory is not None, (
+            "Copied _short_term_memory should not be None"
+        )
+        assert id(crew_copy._short_term_memory) != original_short_term_id, (
+            "Copied _short_term_memory should be a new object"
+        )
 
-        assert hasattr(
-            crew_copy, "_long_term_memory"
-        ), "Copied crew should have _long_term_memory"
-        assert (
-            crew_copy._long_term_memory is not None
-        ), "Copied _long_term_memory should not be None"
-        assert (
-            id(crew_copy._long_term_memory) != original_long_term_id
-        ), "Copied _long_term_memory should be a new object"
+        assert hasattr(crew_copy, "_long_term_memory"), (
+            "Copied crew should have _long_term_memory"
+        )
+        assert crew_copy._long_term_memory is not None, (
+            "Copied _long_term_memory should not be None"
+        )
+        assert id(crew_copy._long_term_memory) != original_long_term_id, (
+            "Copied _long_term_memory should be a new object"
+        )
 
-        assert hasattr(
-            crew_copy, "_entity_memory"
-        ), "Copied crew should have _entity_memory"
-        assert (
-            crew_copy._entity_memory is not None
-        ), "Copied _entity_memory should not be None"
-        assert (
-            id(crew_copy._entity_memory) != original_entity_id
-        ), "Copied _entity_memory should be a new object"
+        assert hasattr(crew_copy, "_entity_memory"), (
+            "Copied crew should have _entity_memory"
+        )
+        assert crew_copy._entity_memory is not None, (
+            "Copied _entity_memory should not be None"
+        )
+        assert id(crew_copy._entity_memory) != original_entity_id, (
+            "Copied _entity_memory should be a new object"
+        )
 
         if original_external_id:
-            assert hasattr(
-                crew_copy, "_external_memory"
-            ), "Copied crew should have _external_memory"
-            assert (
-                crew_copy._external_memory is not None
-            ), "Copied _external_memory should not be None"
-            assert (
-                id(crew_copy._external_memory) != original_external_id
-            ), "Copied _external_memory should be a new object"
+            assert hasattr(crew_copy, "_external_memory"), (
+                "Copied crew should have _external_memory"
+            )
+            assert crew_copy._external_memory is not None, (
+                "Copied _external_memory should not be None"
+            )
+            assert id(crew_copy._external_memory) != original_external_id, (
+                "Copied _external_memory should be a new object"
+            )
         else:
             assert (
                 not hasattr(crew_copy, "_external_memory")
@@ -4735,21 +4725,25 @@ def test_ensure_exchanged_messages_are_propagated_to_external_memory():
     ) as external_memory_save:
         crew.kickoff()
 
-    expected_messages = [
-        {
-            "role": "system",
-            "content": "You are Researcher. You're an expert in research and you love to learn new things.\nYour personal goal is: You research about math.\nTo give my best complete final answer to the task respond using the exact following format:\n\nThought: I now can give a great answer\nFinal Answer: Your final answer must be the great and the most complete as possible, it must be outcome described.\n\nI MUST use these formats, my job depends on it!",
-        },
-        {
-            "role": "user",
-            "content": "\nCurrent Task: Research a topic to teach a kid aged 6 about math.\n\nThis is the expected criteria for your final answer: A topic, explanation, angle, and examples.\nyou MUST return the actual complete content as the final answer, not a summary.\n\n# Useful context: \nExternal memories:\n\n\nBegin! This is VERY important to you, use the tools available and give your best Final Answer, your job depends on it!\n\nThought:",
-        },
-        {
-            "role": "assistant",
-            "content": "I now can give a great answer  \nFinal Answer: \n\n**Topic: Understanding Shapes (Geometry)**\n\n**Explanation:**  \nShapes are everywhere around us! They are the special forms that we can see in everyday objects. Teaching a 6-year-old about shapes is not only fun but also a way to help them think about the world around them and develop their spatial awareness. We will focus on basic shapes: circle, square, triangle, and rectangle. Understanding these shapes helps kids recognize and describe their environment.\n\n**Angle:**  \nLet’s make learning about shapes an adventure! We can turn it into a treasure hunt where the child has to find objects around the house or outside that match the shapes we learn. This hands-on approach helps make the learning stick!\n\n**Examples:**  \n1. **Circle:**  \n   - Explanation: A circle is round and has no corners. It looks like a wheel or a cookie!  \n   - Activity: Find objects that are circles, such as a clock, a dinner plate, or a ball. Draw a big circle on a paper and then try to draw smaller circles inside it.\n\n2. **Square:**  \n   - Explanation: A square has four equal sides and four corners. It looks like a box!  \n   - Activity: Look for squares in books, in windows, or in building blocks. Try to build a tall tower using square blocks!\n\n3. **Triangle:**  \n   - Explanation: A triangle has three sides and three corners. It looks like a slice of pizza or a roof!  \n   - Activity: Use crayons to draw a big triangle and then find things that are shaped like a triangle, like a slice of cheese or a traffic sign.\n\n4. **Rectangle:**  \n   - Explanation: A rectangle has four sides but only opposite sides are equal. It’s like a stretched square!  \n   - Activity: Search for rectangles, such as a book cover or a door. You can cut out rectangles from colored paper and create a collage!\n\nBy relating the shapes to fun activities and using real-world examples, we not only make learning more enjoyable but also help the child better remember and understand the concept of shapes in math. This foundation forms the basis of their future learning in geometry!",
-        },
-    ]
-    external_memory_save.assert_called_once_with(
-        value=ANY,
-        metadata={"description": ANY, "messages": expected_messages},
-    )
+    external_memory_save.assert_called_once()
+
+    call_args = external_memory_save.call_args
+
+    assert "value" in call_args.kwargs or len(call_args.args) > 0
+    assert "metadata" in call_args.kwargs or len(call_args.args) > 1
+
+    if "metadata" in call_args.kwargs:
+        metadata = call_args.kwargs["metadata"]
+    else:
+        metadata = call_args.args[1]
+
+    assert "description" in metadata
+    assert "messages" in metadata
+    assert isinstance(metadata["messages"], list)
+    assert len(metadata["messages"]) >= 2
+
+    messages = metadata["messages"]
+    assert messages[0]["role"] == "system"
+    assert "Researcher" in messages[0]["content"]
+    assert messages[1]["role"] == "user"
+    assert "Research a topic to teach a kid aged 6 about math" in messages[1]["content"]

tests/test_project.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-from typing import List
+from typing import Any, ClassVar
 from unittest.mock import Mock, patch
+
 import pytest
 
 from crewai.agent import Agent
@@ -44,8 +45,8 @@ class InternalCrew:
     agents_config = "config/agents.yaml"
     tasks_config = "config/tasks.yaml"
 
-    agents: List[BaseAgent]
-    tasks: List[Task]
+    agents: list[BaseAgent]
+    tasks: list[Task]
 
     @llm
     def local_llm(self):
@@ -89,7 +90,8 @@ class InternalCrew:
 
 @CrewBase
 class InternalCrewWithMCP(InternalCrew):
-    mcp_server_params = {"host": "localhost", "port": 8000}
+    mcp_server_params: ClassVar[dict[str, Any]] = {"host": "localhost", "port": 8000}
+    mcp_connect_timeout = 120
 
     @agent
     def reporting_analyst(self):
@@ -200,8 +202,8 @@ def test_before_kickoff_with_none_input():
 def test_multiple_before_after_kickoff():
     @CrewBase
     class MultipleHooksCrew:
-        agents: List[BaseAgent]
-        tasks: List[Task]
+        agents: list[BaseAgent]
+        tasks: list[Task]
 
         agents_config = "config/agents.yaml"
         tasks_config = "config/tasks.yaml"
@@ -284,4 +286,7 @@ def test_internal_crew_with_mcp():
         assert crew.reporting_analyst().tools == [simple_tool, another_simple_tool]
         assert crew.researcher().tools == [simple_tool]
 
-    adapter_mock.assert_called_once_with({"host": "localhost", "port": 8000})
+    adapter_mock.assert_called_once_with(
+        {"host": "localhost", "port": 8000},
+        connect_timeout=120
+    )

tests/test_task.py

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 """Test Agent creation and execution basic functionality."""
 
-import hashlib
+import ast
 import json
 import os
 import time
 from functools import partial
-from typing import Tuple, Union
+from hashlib import md5
 from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
 
 import pytest
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ def test_guardrail_type_error():
             return (True, x)
 
         @staticmethod
-        def guardrail_static_fn(x: TaskOutput) -> tuple[bool, Union[str, TaskOutput]]:
+        def guardrail_static_fn(x: TaskOutput) -> tuple[bool, str | TaskOutput]:
             return (True, x)
 
     obj = Object()
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ def test_guardrail_type_error():
         guardrail=Object.guardrail_static_fn,
     )
 
-    def error_fn(x: TaskOutput, y: bool) -> Tuple[bool, TaskOutput]:
+    def error_fn(x: TaskOutput, y: bool) -> tuple[bool, TaskOutput]:
         return (y, x)
 
     Task(
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ def test_output_pydantic_hierarchical():
     )
     result = crew.kickoff()
     assert isinstance(result.pydantic, ScoreOutput)
-    assert result.to_dict() == {"score": 5}
+    assert result.to_dict() == {"score": 4}
 
 
 @pytest.mark.vcr(filter_headers=["authorization"])
@@ -401,8 +401,8 @@ def test_output_json_hierarchical():
         manager_llm="gpt-4o",
     )
     result = crew.kickoff()
-    assert result.json == '{"score": 5}'
-    assert result.to_dict() == {"score": 5}
+    assert result.json == '{"score": 4}'
+    assert result.to_dict() == {"score": 4}
 
 
 @pytest.mark.vcr(filter_headers=["authorization"])
@@ -560,8 +560,8 @@ def test_output_json_dict_hierarchical():
         manager_llm="gpt-4o",
     )
     result = crew.kickoff()
-    assert {"score": 5} == result.json_dict
-    assert result.to_dict() == {"score": 5}
+    assert {"score": 4} == result.json_dict
+    assert result.to_dict() == {"score": 4}
 
 
 @pytest.mark.vcr(filter_headers=["authorization"])
@@ -900,11 +900,11 @@ def test_conditional_task_copy_preserves_type():
     assert isinstance(copied_conditional_task, ConditionalTask)
 
 
-def test_interpolate_inputs():
+def test_interpolate_inputs(tmp_path):
     task = Task(
         description="Give me a list of 5 interesting ideas about {topic} to explore for an article, what makes them unique and interesting.",
         expected_output="Bullet point list of 5 interesting ideas about {topic}.",
-        output_file="/tmp/{topic}/output_{date}.txt",
+        output_file=str(tmp_path / "{topic}" / "output_{date}.txt"),
     )
 
     task.interpolate_inputs_and_add_conversation_history(
@@ -915,7 +915,7 @@ def test_interpolate_inputs():
         == "Give me a list of 5 interesting ideas about AI to explore for an article, what makes them unique and interesting."
     )
     assert task.expected_output == "Bullet point list of 5 interesting ideas about AI."
-    assert task.output_file == "/tmp/AI/output_2025.txt"
+    assert task.output_file == str(tmp_path / "AI" / "output_2025.txt")
 
     task.interpolate_inputs_and_add_conversation_history(
         inputs={"topic": "ML", "date": "2025"}
@@ -925,7 +925,7 @@ def test_interpolate_inputs():
         == "Give me a list of 5 interesting ideas about ML to explore for an article, what makes them unique and interesting."
     )
     assert task.expected_output == "Bullet point list of 5 interesting ideas about ML."
-    assert task.output_file == "/tmp/ML/output_2025.txt"
+    assert task.output_file == str(tmp_path / "ML" / "output_2025.txt")
 
 
 def test_interpolate_only():
@@ -1074,8 +1074,9 @@ def test_key():
         description=original_description,
         expected_output=original_expected_output,
     )
-    hash = hashlib.md5(
-        f"{original_description}|{original_expected_output}".encode()
+    hash = md5(
+        f"{original_description}|{original_expected_output}".encode(),
+        usedforsecurity=False,
     ).hexdigest()
 
     assert task.key == hash, "The key should be the hash of the description."
@@ -1086,7 +1087,7 @@ def test_key():
     )
 
 
-def test_output_file_validation():
+def test_output_file_validation(tmp_path):
     """Test output file path validation."""
     # Valid paths
     assert (
@@ -1097,13 +1098,15 @@ def test_output_file_validation():
         ).output_file
         == "output.txt"
     )
+    # Use secure temporary path instead of /tmp
+    temp_file = tmp_path / "output.txt"
     assert (
         Task(
             description="Test task",
             expected_output="Test output",
-            output_file="/tmp/output.txt",
+            output_file=str(temp_file),
         ).output_file
-        == "tmp/output.txt"
+        == str(temp_file).lstrip("/")  # Remove leading slash to match expected behavior
     )
     assert (
         Task(
@@ -1320,7 +1323,7 @@ def test_interpolate_with_list_of_dicts():
     }
     result = interpolate_only("{people}", input_data)
 
-    parsed_result = eval(result)
+    parsed_result = ast.literal_eval(result)
     assert isinstance(parsed_result, list)
     assert len(parsed_result) == 2
     assert parsed_result[0]["name"] == "Alice"
@@ -1346,7 +1349,7 @@ def test_interpolate_with_nested_structures():
         }
     }
     result = interpolate_only("{company}", input_data)
-    parsed = eval(result)
+    parsed = ast.literal_eval(result)
 
     assert parsed["name"] == "TechCorp"
     assert len(parsed["departments"]) == 2
@@ -1364,7 +1367,7 @@ def test_interpolate_with_special_characters():
         }
     }
     result = interpolate_only("{special_data}", input_data)
-    parsed = eval(result)
+    parsed = ast.literal_eval(result)
 
     assert parsed["quotes"] == """This has "double" and 'single' quotes"""
     assert parsed["unicode"] == "文字化けテスト"
@@ -1386,7 +1389,7 @@ def test_interpolate_mixed_types():
         }
     }
     result = interpolate_only("{data}", input_data)
-    parsed = eval(result)
+    parsed = ast.literal_eval(result)
 
     assert parsed["name"] == "Test Dataset"
     assert parsed["samples"] == 1000
@@ -1409,7 +1412,7 @@ def test_interpolate_complex_combination():
         ]
     }
     result = interpolate_only("{report}", input_data)
-    parsed = eval(result)
+    parsed = ast.literal_eval(result)
 
     assert len(parsed) == 2
     assert parsed[0]["month"] == "January"
@@ -1482,7 +1485,7 @@ def test_interpolate_valid_complex_types():
 
     # Should not raise any errors
     result = interpolate_only("{data}", {"data": valid_data})
-    parsed = eval(result)
+    parsed = ast.literal_eval(result)
     assert parsed["name"] == "Valid Dataset"
     assert parsed["stats"]["nested"]["deeper"]["b"] == 2.5
 
@@ -1512,7 +1515,7 @@ def test_interpolate_valid_types():
     }
 
     result = interpolate_only("{data}", {"data": valid_data})
-    parsed = eval(result)
+    parsed = ast.literal_eval(result)
 
     assert parsed["active"] is True
     assert parsed["deleted"] is False

tests/tools/test_structured_tool.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from typing import Optional
-
 import pytest
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
@@ -39,6 +37,7 @@ def test_initialization(basic_function, schema_class):
     assert tool.func == basic_function
     assert tool.args_schema == schema_class
 
+
 def test_from_function(basic_function):
     """Test creating tool from function"""
     tool = CrewStructuredTool.from_function(
@@ -50,6 +49,7 @@ def test_from_function(basic_function):
     assert tool.func == basic_function
     assert isinstance(tool.args_schema, type(BaseModel))
 
+
 def test_validate_function_signature(basic_function, schema_class):
     """Test function signature validation"""
     tool = CrewStructuredTool(
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ def test_validate_function_signature(basic_function, schema_class):
     # Should not raise any exceptions
     tool._validate_function_signature()
 
+
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_ainvoke(basic_function):
     """Test asynchronous invocation"""
@@ -70,6 +71,7 @@ async def test_ainvoke(basic_function):
     result = await tool.ainvoke(input={"param1": "test"})
     assert result == "test 0"
 
+
 def test_parse_args_dict(basic_function):
     """Test parsing dictionary arguments"""
     tool = CrewStructuredTool.from_function(func=basic_function, name="test_tool")
@@ -78,6 +80,7 @@ def test_parse_args_dict(basic_function):
     assert parsed["param1"] == "test"
     assert parsed["param2"] == 42
 
+
 def test_parse_args_string(basic_function):
     """Test parsing string arguments"""
     tool = CrewStructuredTool.from_function(func=basic_function, name="test_tool")
@@ -86,6 +89,7 @@ def test_parse_args_string(basic_function):
     assert parsed["param1"] == "test"
     assert parsed["param2"] == 42
 
+
 def test_complex_types():
     """Test handling of complex parameter types"""
 
@@ -99,6 +103,7 @@ def test_complex_types():
     result = tool.invoke({"nested": {"key": "value"}, "items": [1, 2, 3]})
     assert result == "Processed 3 items with 1 nested keys"
 
+
 def test_schema_inheritance():
     """Test tool creation with inherited schema"""
 
@@ -119,13 +124,14 @@ def test_schema_inheritance():
     result = tool.invoke({"base_param": "test", "extra_param": 42})
     assert result == "test 42"
 
+
 def test_default_values_in_schema():
     """Test handling of default values in schema"""
 
     def default_func(
         required_param: str,
         optional_param: str = "default",
-        nullable_param: Optional[int] = None,
+        nullable_param: int | None = None,
     ) -> str:
         """Test function with default values."""
         return f"{required_param} {optional_param} {nullable_param}"
@@ -144,6 +150,7 @@ def test_default_values_in_schema():
     )
     assert result == "test custom 42"
 
+
 @pytest.fixture
 def custom_tool_decorator():
     from crewai.tools import tool
@@ -155,6 +162,7 @@ def custom_tool_decorator():
 
     return custom_tool
 
+
 @pytest.fixture
 def custom_tool():
     from crewai.tools import BaseTool
@@ -169,17 +177,25 @@ def custom_tool():
 
     return CustomTool()
 
+
 def build_simple_crew(tool):
-    from crewai import Agent, Task, Crew
+    from crewai import Agent, Crew, Task
 
-    agent1 = Agent(role="Simple role", goal="Simple goal", backstory="Simple backstory", tools=[tool])
-
-    say_hi_task = Task(
-        description="Use the custom tool result as answer.", agent=agent1, expected_output="Use the tool result"
+    agent1 = Agent(
+        role="Simple role",
+        goal="Simple goal",
+        backstory="Simple backstory",
+        tools=[tool],
     )
 
-    crew = Crew(agents=[agent1], tasks=[say_hi_task])
-    return crew
+    say_hi_task = Task(
+        description="Use the custom tool result as answer.",
+        agent=agent1,
+        expected_output="Use the tool result",
+    )
+
+    return Crew(agents=[agent1], tasks=[say_hi_task])
+
 
 @pytest.mark.vcr(filter_headers=["authorization"])
 def test_async_tool_using_within_isolated_crew(custom_tool):
@@ -188,6 +204,7 @@ def test_async_tool_using_within_isolated_crew(custom_tool):
 
     assert result.raw == "Hello World from Custom Tool"
 
+
 @pytest.mark.vcr(filter_headers=["authorization"])
 def test_async_tool_using_decorator_within_isolated_crew(custom_tool_decorator):
     crew = build_simple_crew(custom_tool_decorator)
@@ -195,6 +212,7 @@ def test_async_tool_using_decorator_within_isolated_crew(custom_tool_decorator):
 
     assert result.raw == "Hello World from Custom Tool"
 
+
 @pytest.mark.vcr(filter_headers=["authorization"])
 def test_async_tool_within_flow(custom_tool):
     from crewai.flow.flow import Flow
@@ -205,8 +223,7 @@ def test_async_tool_within_flow(custom_tool):
         @start()
         async def start(self):
             crew = build_simple_crew(custom_tool)
-            result = await crew.kickoff_async()
-            return result
+            return await crew.kickoff_async()
 
     flow = StructuredExampleFlow()
     result = flow.kickoff()
@@ -219,12 +236,141 @@ def test_async_tool_using_decorator_within_flow(custom_tool_decorator):
 
     class StructuredExampleFlow(Flow):
         from crewai.flow.flow import start
+
         @start()
         async def start(self):
             crew = build_simple_crew(custom_tool_decorator)
-            result = await crew.kickoff_async()
-            return result
+            return await crew.kickoff_async()
 
     flow = StructuredExampleFlow()
     result = flow.kickoff()
-    assert result.raw == "Hello World from Custom Tool"
+    assert result.raw == "Hello World from Custom Tool"
+
+
+def test_structured_tool_invoke_calls_func_only_once():
+    """Test that CrewStructuredTool.invoke() calls the underlying function exactly once."""
+    call_count = 0
+    call_history = []
+
+    def counting_function(param: str) -> str:
+        """Function that tracks how many times it's called."""
+        nonlocal call_count
+        call_count += 1
+        call_history.append(f"Call #{call_count} with param: {param}")
+        return f"Result from call #{call_count}: {param}"
+
+    # Create CrewStructuredTool directly
+    tool = CrewStructuredTool.from_function(
+        func=counting_function,
+        name="direct_test_tool",
+        description="Tool to test direct invoke() method",
+    )
+
+    # Call invoke() directly - this is where the bug was
+    result = tool.invoke({"param": "test_value"})
+
+    # Critical assertions that would catch the duplicate execution bug
+    assert call_count == 1, (
+        f"DUPLICATE EXECUTION BUG: Function was called {call_count} times instead of 1. "
+        f"This means CrewStructuredTool.invoke() has duplicate function calls. "
+        f"Call history: {call_history}"
+    )
+
+    assert len(call_history) == 1, (
+        f"Expected 1 call in history, got {len(call_history)}: {call_history}"
+    )
+
+    assert call_history[0] == "Call #1 with param: test_value", (
+        f"Expected 'Call #1 with param: test_value', got: {call_history[0]}"
+    )
+
+    assert result == "Result from call #1: test_value", (
+        f"Expected result from first call, got: {result}"
+    )
+
+
+def test_structured_tool_invoke_multiple_calls_increment_correctly():
+    """Test multiple calls to invoke() to ensure each increments correctly."""
+    call_count = 0
+
+    def incrementing_function(value: int) -> int:
+        nonlocal call_count
+        call_count += 1
+        return value + call_count
+
+    tool = CrewStructuredTool.from_function(
+        func=incrementing_function,
+        name="incrementing_tool",
+        description="Tool that increments on each call",
+    )
+
+    result1 = tool.invoke({"value": 10})
+    assert call_count == 1, (
+        f"After first invoke, expected call_count=1, got {call_count}"
+    )
+    assert result1 == 11, f"Expected 11 (10+1), got {result1}"
+
+    result2 = tool.invoke({"value": 20})
+    assert call_count == 2, (
+        f"After second invoke, expected call_count=2, got {call_count}"
+    )
+    assert result2 == 22, f"Expected 22 (20+2), got {result2}"
+
+    result3 = tool.invoke({"value": 30})
+    assert call_count == 3, (
+        f"After third invoke, expected call_count=3, got {call_count}"
+    )
+    assert result3 == 33, f"Expected 33 (30+3), got {result3}"
+
+
+def test_structured_tool_invoke_with_side_effects():
+    """Test that side effects only happen once per invoke() call."""
+    side_effects = []
+
+    def side_effect_function(action: str) -> str:
+        side_effects.append(f"SIDE_EFFECT: {action} executed at call")
+        return f"Action {action} completed"
+
+    tool = CrewStructuredTool.from_function(
+        func=side_effect_function,
+        name="side_effect_tool",
+        description="Tool with observable side effects",
+    )
+
+    result = tool.invoke({"action": "write_file"})
+
+    assert len(side_effects) == 1, (
+        f"SIDE EFFECT BUG: Expected 1 side effect, got {len(side_effects)}. "
+        f"This indicates the function was called multiple times. "
+        f"Side effects: {side_effects}"
+    )
+
+    assert side_effects[0] == "SIDE_EFFECT: write_file executed at call"
+    assert result == "Action write_file completed"
+
+
+def test_structured_tool_invoke_exception_handling():
+    """Test that exceptions don't cause duplicate execution."""
+    call_count = 0
+
+    def failing_function(should_fail: bool) -> str:
+        nonlocal call_count
+        call_count += 1
+        if should_fail:
+            raise ValueError(f"Intentional failure on call #{call_count}")
+        return f"Success on call #{call_count}"
+
+    tool = CrewStructuredTool.from_function(
+        func=failing_function, name="failing_tool", description="Tool that can fail"
+    )
+
+    result = tool.invoke({"should_fail": False})
+    assert call_count == 1, f"Expected 1 call for success case, got {call_count}"
+    assert result == "Success on call #1"
+
+    call_count = 0
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Intentional failure on call #1"):
+        tool.invoke({"should_fail": True})
+
+    assert call_count == 1