Add @persist decorator with FlowPersistence interface (#1892)

* Add @persist decorator with SQLite persistence

- Add FlowPersistence abstract base class
- Implement SQLiteFlowPersistence backend
- Add @persist decorator for flow state persistence
- Add tests for flow persistence functionality

Co-Authored-By: Joe Moura <joao@crewai.com>

* Fix remaining merge conflicts in uv.lock

- Remove stray merge conflict markers
- Keep main's comprehensive platform-specific resolution markers
- Preserve all required dependencies for persistence functionality

Co-Authored-By: Joe Moura <joao@crewai.com>

* Fix final CUDA dependency conflicts in uv.lock

- Resolve NVIDIA CUDA solver dependency conflicts
- Use main's comprehensive platform checks
- Ensure all merge conflict markers are removed
- Preserve persistence-related dependencies

Co-Authored-By: Joe Moura <joao@crewai.com>

* Fix nvidia-cusparse-cu12 dependency conflicts in uv.lock

- Resolve NVIDIA CUSPARSE dependency conflicts
- Use main's comprehensive platform checks
- Complete systematic check of entire uv.lock file
- Ensure all merge conflict markers are removed

Co-Authored-By: Joe Moura <joao@crewai.com>

* Fix triton filelock dependency conflicts in uv.lock

- Resolve triton package filelock dependency conflict
- Use main's comprehensive platform checks
- Complete final systematic check of entire uv.lock file
- Ensure TOML file structure is valid

Co-Authored-By: Joe Moura <joao@crewai.com>

* Fix merge conflict in crew_test.py

- Remove duplicate assertion in test_multimodal_agent_live_image_analysis
- Clean up conflict markers
- Preserve test functionality

Co-Authored-By: Joe Moura <joao@crewai.com>

* Clean up trailing merge conflict marker in crew_test.py

- Remove remaining conflict marker at end of file
- Preserve test functionality
- Complete conflict resolution

Co-Authored-By: Joe Moura <joao@crewai.com>

* Improve type safety in persistence implementation and resolve merge conflicts

Co-Authored-By: Joe Moura <joao@crewai.com>

* fix: Add explicit type casting in _create_initial_state method

Co-Authored-By: Joe Moura <joao@crewai.com>

* fix: Improve type safety in flow state handling with proper validation

Co-Authored-By: Joe Moura <joao@crewai.com>

* fix: Improve type system with proper TypeVar scoping and validation

Co-Authored-By: Joe Moura <joao@crewai.com>

* fix: Improve state restoration logic and add comprehensive tests

Co-Authored-By: Joe Moura <joao@crewai.com>

* fix: Initialize FlowState instances without passing id to constructor

Co-Authored-By: Joe Moura <joao@crewai.com>

* feat: Add class-level flow persistence decorator with SQLite default

- Add class-level @persist decorator support
- Set SQLiteFlowPersistence as default backend
- Use db_storage_path for consistent database location
- Improve async method handling and type safety
- Add comprehensive docstrings and examples

Co-Authored-By: Joe Moura <joao@crewai.com>

* fix: Sort imports in decorators.py to fix lint error

Co-Authored-By: Joe Moura <joao@crewai.com>

* style: Organize imports according to PEP 8 standard

Co-Authored-By: Joe Moura <joao@crewai.com>

* style: Format typing imports with line breaks for better readability

Co-Authored-By: Joe Moura <joao@crewai.com>

* style: Simplify import organization to fix lint error

Co-Authored-By: Joe Moura <joao@crewai.com>

* style: Fix import sorting using Ruff auto-fix

Co-Authored-By: Joe Moura <joao@crewai.com>

---------

Co-authored-by: Devin AI <158243242+devin-ai-integration[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Joe Moura <joao@crewai.com>
Co-authored-by: João Moura <joaomdmoura@gmail.com>

src/crewai/flow/flow.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import asyncio
 import inspect
+import uuid
 from typing import (
     Any,
     Callable,
@@ -12,6 +13,7 @@ from typing import (
     TypeVar,
     Union,
     cast,
+    overload,
 )
 from uuid import uuid4
 
@@ -25,6 +27,8 @@ from crewai.flow.flow_events import (
     MethodExecutionStartedEvent,
 )
 from crewai.flow.flow_visualizer import plot_flow
+from crewai.flow.persistence import FlowPersistence
+from crewai.flow.persistence.base import FlowPersistence
 from crewai.flow.utils import get_possible_return_constants
 from crewai.telemetry import Telemetry
 
@@ -33,7 +37,46 @@ class FlowState(BaseModel):
     """Base model for all flow states, ensuring each state has a unique ID."""
     id: str = Field(default_factory=lambda: str(uuid4()), description="Unique identifier for the flow state")
 
-T = TypeVar("T", bound=Union[FlowState, Dict[str, Any]])
+# Type variables with explicit bounds
+T = TypeVar("T", bound=Union[Dict[str, Any], BaseModel])  # Generic flow state type parameter
+StateT = TypeVar("StateT", bound=Union[Dict[str, Any], BaseModel])  # State validation type parameter
+
+def ensure_state_type(state: Any, expected_type: Type[StateT]) -> StateT:
+    """Ensure state matches expected type with proper validation.
+    
+    Args:
+        state: State instance to validate
+        expected_type: Expected type for the state
+        
+    Returns:
+        Validated state instance
+        
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If state doesn't match expected type
+        ValueError: If state validation fails
+    """
+    """Ensure state matches expected type with proper validation.
+    
+    Args:
+        state: State instance to validate
+        expected_type: Expected type for the state
+        
+    Returns:
+        Validated state instance
+        
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If state doesn't match expected type
+        ValueError: If state validation fails
+    """
+    if expected_type == dict:
+        if not isinstance(state, dict):
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected dict, got {type(state).__name__}")
+        return cast(StateT, state)
+    if isinstance(expected_type, type) and issubclass(expected_type, BaseModel):
+        if not isinstance(state, expected_type):
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected {expected_type.__name__}, got {type(state).__name__}")
+        return cast(StateT, state)
+    raise TypeError(f"Invalid expected_type: {expected_type}")
 
 
 def start(condition: Optional[Union[str, dict, Callable]] = None) -> Callable:
@@ -326,21 +369,27 @@ class FlowMeta(type):
         routers = set()
 
         for attr_name, attr_value in dct.items():
-            if hasattr(attr_value, "__is_start_method__"):
-                start_methods.append(attr_name)
+            # Check for any flow-related attributes
+            if (hasattr(attr_value, "__is_flow_method__") or
+                hasattr(attr_value, "__is_start_method__") or
+                hasattr(attr_value, "__trigger_methods__") or
+                hasattr(attr_value, "__is_router__")):
+                
+                # Register start methods
+                if hasattr(attr_value, "__is_start_method__"):
+                    start_methods.append(attr_name)
+                
+                # Register listeners and routers
                 if hasattr(attr_value, "__trigger_methods__"):
                     methods = attr_value.__trigger_methods__
                     condition_type = getattr(attr_value, "__condition_type__", "OR")
                     listeners[attr_name] = (condition_type, methods)
-            elif hasattr(attr_value, "__trigger_methods__"):
-                methods = attr_value.__trigger_methods__
-                condition_type = getattr(attr_value, "__condition_type__", "OR")
-                listeners[attr_name] = (condition_type, methods)
-                if hasattr(attr_value, "__is_router__") and attr_value.__is_router__:
-                    routers.add(attr_name)
-                    possible_returns = get_possible_return_constants(attr_value)
-                    if possible_returns:
-                        router_paths[attr_name] = possible_returns
+                    
+                    if hasattr(attr_value, "__is_router__") and attr_value.__is_router__:
+                        routers.add(attr_name)
+                        possible_returns = get_possible_return_constants(attr_value)
+                        if possible_returns:
+                            router_paths[attr_name] = possible_returns
 
         setattr(cls, "_start_methods", start_methods)
         setattr(cls, "_listeners", listeners)
@@ -351,6 +400,9 @@ class FlowMeta(type):
 
 
 class Flow(Generic[T], metaclass=FlowMeta):
+    """Base class for all flows.
+    
+    Type parameter T must be either Dict[str, Any] or a subclass of BaseModel."""
     _telemetry = Telemetry()
 
     _start_methods: List[str] = []
@@ -367,53 +419,220 @@ class Flow(Generic[T], metaclass=FlowMeta):
         _FlowGeneric.__name__ = f"{cls.__name__}[{item.__name__}]"
         return _FlowGeneric
 
-    def __init__(self) -> None:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        persistence: Optional[FlowPersistence] = None,
+        restore_uuid: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize a new Flow instance.
+        
+        Args:
+            persistence: Optional persistence backend for storing flow states
+            restore_uuid: Optional UUID to restore state from persistence
+            **kwargs: Additional state values to initialize or override
+        """
+        # Initialize basic instance attributes
         self._methods: Dict[str, Callable] = {}
-        self._state: T = self._create_initial_state()
         self._method_execution_counts: Dict[str, int] = {}
         self._pending_and_listeners: Dict[str, Set[str]] = {}
         self._method_outputs: List[Any] = []  # List to store all method outputs
+        self._persistence: Optional[FlowPersistence] = persistence
+        
+        # Validate state model before initialization
+        if isinstance(self.initial_state, type):
+            if issubclass(self.initial_state, BaseModel) and not issubclass(self.initial_state, FlowState):
+                # Check if model has id field
+                model_fields = getattr(self.initial_state, "model_fields", None)
+                if not model_fields or "id" not in model_fields:
+                    raise ValueError("Flow state model must have an 'id' field")
+        
+        # Handle persistence and potential ID conflicts
+        stored_state = None
+        if self._persistence is not None:
+            if restore_uuid and kwargs and "id" in kwargs and restore_uuid != kwargs["id"]:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Conflicting IDs provided: restore_uuid='{restore_uuid}' "
+                    f"vs kwargs['id']='{kwargs['id']}'. Use only one ID for restoration."
+                )
+            
+            # Attempt to load state, prioritizing restore_uuid
+            if restore_uuid:
+                stored_state = self._persistence.load_state(restore_uuid)
+                if not stored_state:
+                    raise ValueError(f"No state found for restore_uuid='{restore_uuid}'")
+            elif kwargs and "id" in kwargs:
+                stored_state = self._persistence.load_state(kwargs["id"])
+                if not stored_state:
+                    # For kwargs["id"], we allow creating new state if not found
+                    self._state = self._create_initial_state()
+                    if kwargs:
+                        self._initialize_state(kwargs)
+                    return
+        
+        # Initialize state based on persistence and kwargs
+        if stored_state:
+            # Create initial state and restore from persistence
+            self._state = self._create_initial_state()
+            self._restore_state(stored_state)
+            # Apply any additional kwargs to override specific fields
+            if kwargs:
+                filtered_kwargs = {k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if k != "id"}
+                if filtered_kwargs:
+                    self._initialize_state(filtered_kwargs)
+        else:
+            # No stored state, create new state with initial values
+            self._state = self._create_initial_state()
+            # Apply any additional kwargs
+            if kwargs:
+                self._initialize_state(kwargs)
 
         self._telemetry.flow_creation_span(self.__class__.__name__)
 
+        # Register all flow-related methods
         for method_name in dir(self):
-            if callable(getattr(self, method_name)) and not method_name.startswith(
-                "__"
-            ):
-                self._methods[method_name] = getattr(self, method_name)
+            if not method_name.startswith("_"):
+                method = getattr(self, method_name)
+                # Check for any flow-related attributes
+                if (hasattr(method, "__is_flow_method__") or
+                    hasattr(method, "__is_start_method__") or
+                    hasattr(method, "__trigger_methods__") or
+                    hasattr(method, "__is_router__")):
+                    # Ensure method is bound to this instance
+                    if not hasattr(method, "__self__"):
+                        method = method.__get__(self, self.__class__)
+                    self._methods[method_name] = method
 
+
+    
     def _create_initial_state(self) -> T:
+        """Create and initialize flow state with UUID and default values.
+        
+        Returns:
+            New state instance with UUID and default values initialized
+            
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If structured state model lacks 'id' field
+            TypeError: If state is neither BaseModel nor dictionary
+        """
         # Handle case where initial_state is None but we have a type parameter
         if self.initial_state is None and hasattr(self, "_initial_state_T"):
             state_type = getattr(self, "_initial_state_T")
             if isinstance(state_type, type):
                 if issubclass(state_type, FlowState):
-                    return state_type()  # type: ignore
+                    # Create instance without id, then set it
+                    instance = state_type()
+                    if not hasattr(instance, 'id'):
+                        setattr(instance, 'id', str(uuid4()))
+                    return cast(T, instance)
                 elif issubclass(state_type, BaseModel):
                     # Create a new type that includes the ID field
                     class StateWithId(state_type, FlowState):  # type: ignore
                         pass
-                    return StateWithId()  # type: ignore
+                    instance = StateWithId()
+                    if not hasattr(instance, 'id'):
+                        setattr(instance, 'id', str(uuid4()))
+                    return cast(T, instance)
+                elif state_type == dict:
+                    return cast(T, {"id": str(uuid4())})  # Minimal dict state
+        
+        # Handle case where no initial state is provided
+        if self.initial_state is None:
+            return cast(T, {"id": str(uuid4())})
+        
+        # Handle case where initial_state is a type (class)
+        if isinstance(self.initial_state, type):
+            if issubclass(self.initial_state, FlowState):
+                return cast(T, self.initial_state())  # Uses model defaults
+            elif issubclass(self.initial_state, BaseModel):
+                # Validate that the model has an id field
+                model_fields = getattr(self.initial_state, "model_fields", None)
+                if not model_fields or "id" not in model_fields:
+                    raise ValueError("Flow state model must have an 'id' field")
+                return cast(T, self.initial_state())  # Uses model defaults
+            elif self.initial_state == dict:
+                return cast(T, {"id": str(uuid4())})
+        
+        # Handle dictionary instance case
+        if isinstance(self.initial_state, dict):
+            new_state = dict(self.initial_state)  # Copy to avoid mutations
+            if "id" not in new_state:
+                new_state["id"] = str(uuid4())
+            return cast(T, new_state)
+        
+        # Handle BaseModel instance case
+        if isinstance(self.initial_state, BaseModel):
+            model = cast(BaseModel, self.initial_state)
+            if not hasattr(model, "id"):
+                raise ValueError("Flow state model must have an 'id' field")
+            
+            # Create new instance with same values to avoid mutations
+            if hasattr(model, "model_dump"):
+                # Pydantic v2
+                state_dict = model.model_dump()
+            elif hasattr(model, "dict"):
+                # Pydantic v1
+                state_dict = model.dict()
+            else:
+                # Fallback for other BaseModel implementations
+                state_dict = {
+                    k: v for k, v in model.__dict__.items()
+                    if not k.startswith("_")
+                }
+            
+            # Create new instance of the same class
+            model_class = type(model)
+            return cast(T, model_class(**state_dict))
+            
+        raise TypeError(
+            f"Initial state must be dict or BaseModel, got {type(self.initial_state)}"
+        )
+        # Handle case where initial_state is None but we have a type parameter
+        if self.initial_state is None and hasattr(self, "_initial_state_T"):
+            state_type = getattr(self, "_initial_state_T")
+            if isinstance(state_type, type):
+                if issubclass(state_type, FlowState):
+                    return cast(T, state_type())
+                elif issubclass(state_type, BaseModel):
+                    # Create a new type that includes the ID field
+                    class StateWithId(state_type, FlowState):  # type: ignore
+                        pass
+                    return cast(T, StateWithId())
+                elif state_type == dict:
+                    return cast(T, {"id": str(uuid4())})
 
         # Handle case where no initial state is provided
         if self.initial_state is None:
-            return {"id": str(uuid4())}  # type: ignore
+            return cast(T, {"id": str(uuid4())})
 
         # Handle case where initial_state is a type (class)
         if isinstance(self.initial_state, type):
             if issubclass(self.initial_state, FlowState):
-                return self.initial_state()  # type: ignore
+                return cast(T, self.initial_state())
             elif issubclass(self.initial_state, BaseModel):
-                # Create a new type that includes the ID field
-                class StateWithId(self.initial_state, FlowState):  # type: ignore
-                    pass
-                return StateWithId()  # type: ignore
+                # Validate that the model has an id field
+                model_fields = getattr(self.initial_state, "model_fields", None)
+                if not model_fields or "id" not in model_fields:
+                    raise ValueError("Flow state model must have an 'id' field")
+                return cast(T, self.initial_state())
+            elif self.initial_state == dict:
+                return cast(T, {"id": str(uuid4())})
 
-        # Handle dictionary case
-        if isinstance(self.initial_state, dict) and "id" not in self.initial_state:
-            self.initial_state["id"] = str(uuid4())
+        # Handle dictionary instance case
+        if isinstance(self.initial_state, dict):
+            if "id" not in self.initial_state:
+                self.initial_state["id"] = str(uuid4())
+            return cast(T, dict(self.initial_state))  # Create new dict to avoid mutations
 
-        return self.initial_state  # type: ignore
+        # Handle BaseModel instance case
+        if isinstance(self.initial_state, BaseModel):
+            if not hasattr(self.initial_state, "id"):
+                raise ValueError("Flow state model must have an 'id' field")
+            return cast(T, self.initial_state)
+            
+        raise TypeError(
+            f"Initial state must be dict or BaseModel, got {type(self.initial_state)}"
+        )
 
     @property
     def state(self) -> T:
@@ -425,50 +644,95 @@ class Flow(Generic[T], metaclass=FlowMeta):
         return self._method_outputs
 
     def _initialize_state(self, inputs: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        """Initialize or update flow state with new inputs.
+        
+        Args:
+            inputs: Dictionary of state values to set/update
+            
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If validation fails for structured state
+            TypeError: If state is neither BaseModel nor dictionary
+        """
         if isinstance(self._state, dict):
-            # Preserve the ID when updating unstructured state
+            # For dict states, preserve existing fields unless overridden
             current_id = self._state.get("id")
-            self._state.update(inputs)
+            # Only update specified fields
+            for k, v in inputs.items():
+                self._state[k] = v
+            # Ensure ID is preserved or generated
             if current_id:
                 self._state["id"] = current_id
             elif "id" not in self._state:
                 self._state["id"] = str(uuid4())
         elif isinstance(self._state, BaseModel):
-            # Structured state
+            # For BaseModel states, preserve existing fields unless overridden
             try:
-                def create_model_with_extra_forbid(
-                    base_model: Type[BaseModel],
-                ) -> Type[BaseModel]:
-                    class ModelWithExtraForbid(base_model):  # type: ignore
-                        model_config = base_model.model_config.copy()
-                        model_config["extra"] = "forbid"
-
-                    return ModelWithExtraForbid
-
-                # Get current state as dict, preserving the ID if it exists
-                state_model = cast(BaseModel, self._state)
-                current_state = (
-                    state_model.model_dump()
-                    if hasattr(state_model, "model_dump")
-                    else state_model.dict()
-                    if hasattr(state_model, "dict")
-                    else {
-                        k: v
-                        for k, v in state_model.__dict__.items()
+                model = cast(BaseModel, self._state)
+                # Get current state as dict
+                if hasattr(model, "model_dump"):
+                    current_state = model.model_dump()
+                elif hasattr(model, "dict"):
+                    current_state = model.dict()
+                else:
+                    current_state = {
+                        k: v for k, v in model.__dict__.items()
                         if not k.startswith("_")
                     }
-                )
-
-                ModelWithExtraForbid = create_model_with_extra_forbid(
-                    self._state.__class__
-                )
-                self._state = cast(
-                    T, ModelWithExtraForbid(**{**current_state, **inputs})
-                )
+                
+                # Create new state with preserved fields and updates
+                new_state = {**current_state, **inputs}
+                
+                # Create new instance with merged state
+                model_class = type(model)
+                if hasattr(model_class, "model_validate"):
+                    # Pydantic v2
+                    self._state = cast(T, model_class.model_validate(new_state))
+                elif hasattr(model_class, "parse_obj"):
+                    # Pydantic v1
+                    self._state = cast(T, model_class.parse_obj(new_state))
+                else:
+                    # Fallback for other BaseModel implementations
+                    self._state = cast(T, model_class(**new_state))
             except ValidationError as e:
                 raise ValueError(f"Invalid inputs for structured state: {e}") from e
         else:
             raise TypeError("State must be a BaseModel instance or a dictionary.")
+            
+    def _restore_state(self, stored_state: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        """Restore flow state from persistence.
+        
+        Args:
+            stored_state: Previously stored state to restore
+            
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If validation fails for structured state
+            TypeError: If state is neither BaseModel nor dictionary
+        """
+        # When restoring from persistence, use the stored ID
+        stored_id = stored_state.get("id")
+        if not stored_id:
+            raise ValueError("Stored state must have an 'id' field")
+        
+        if isinstance(self._state, dict):
+            # For dict states, update all fields from stored state
+            self._state.clear()
+            self._state.update(stored_state)
+        elif isinstance(self._state, BaseModel):
+            # For BaseModel states, create new instance with stored values
+            model = cast(BaseModel, self._state)
+            if hasattr(model, "model_validate"):
+                # Pydantic v2
+                self._state = cast(T, type(model).model_validate(stored_state))
+            elif hasattr(model, "parse_obj"):
+                # Pydantic v1
+                self._state = cast(T, type(model).parse_obj(stored_state))
+            else:
+                # Fallback for other BaseModel implementations
+                self._state = cast(T, type(model)(**stored_state))
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"State must be dict or BaseModel, got {type(self._state)}"
+            )
 
     def kickoff(self, inputs: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None) -> Any:
         self.event_emitter.send(

src/crewai/flow/persistence/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+"""
+CrewAI Flow Persistence.
+
+This module provides interfaces and implementations for persisting flow states.
+"""
+
+from typing import Any, Dict, TypeVar, Union
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+from crewai.flow.persistence.base import FlowPersistence
+from crewai.flow.persistence.decorators import persist
+from crewai.flow.persistence.sqlite import SQLiteFlowPersistence
+
+__all__ = ["FlowPersistence", "persist", "SQLiteFlowPersistence"]
+
+StateType = TypeVar('StateType', bound=Union[Dict[str, Any], BaseModel])
+DictStateType = Dict[str, Any]

src/crewai/flow/persistence/base.py

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+"""Base class for flow state persistence."""
+
+import abc
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Union
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+
+class FlowPersistence(abc.ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for flow state persistence.
+    
+    This class defines the interface that all persistence implementations must follow.
+    It supports both structured (Pydantic BaseModel) and unstructured (dict) states.
+    """
+    
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def init_db(self) -> None:
+        """Initialize the persistence backend.
+        
+        This method should handle any necessary setup, such as:
+        - Creating tables
+        - Establishing connections
+        - Setting up indexes
+        """
+        pass
+    
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def save_state(
+        self,
+        flow_uuid: str,
+        method_name: str,
+        state_data: Union[Dict[str, Any], BaseModel]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Persist the flow state after method completion.
+        
+        Args:
+            flow_uuid: Unique identifier for the flow instance
+            method_name: Name of the method that just completed
+            state_data: Current state data (either dict or Pydantic model)
+        """
+        pass
+    
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def load_state(self, flow_uuid: str) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
+        """Load the most recent state for a given flow UUID.
+        
+        Args:
+            flow_uuid: Unique identifier for the flow instance
+            
+        Returns:
+            The most recent state as a dictionary, or None if no state exists
+        """
+        pass

src/crewai/flow/persistence/decorators.py

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+"""
+Decorators for flow state persistence.
+
+Example:
+    ```python
+    from crewai.flow.flow import Flow, start
+    from crewai.flow.persistence import persist, SQLiteFlowPersistence
+    
+    class MyFlow(Flow):
+        @start()
+        @persist(SQLiteFlowPersistence())
+        def sync_method(self):
+            # Synchronous method implementation
+            pass
+            
+        @start()
+        @persist(SQLiteFlowPersistence())
+        async def async_method(self):
+            # Asynchronous method implementation
+            await some_async_operation()
+    ```
+"""
+
+import asyncio
+import functools
+import inspect
+import logging
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    Optional,
+    Type,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+    get_type_hints,
+)
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+from crewai.flow.persistence.base import FlowPersistence
+from crewai.flow.persistence.sqlite import SQLiteFlowPersistence
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+def persist(persistence: Optional[FlowPersistence] = None):
+    """Decorator to persist flow state.
+    
+    This decorator can be applied at either the class level or method level.
+    When applied at the class level, it automatically persists all flow method
+    states. When applied at the method level, it persists only that method's
+    state.
+    
+    Args:
+        persistence: Optional FlowPersistence implementation to use.
+                    If not provided, uses SQLiteFlowPersistence.
+    
+    Returns:
+        A decorator that can be applied to either a class or method
+    
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the flow state doesn't have an 'id' field
+        RuntimeError: If state persistence fails
+        
+    Example:
+        @persist  # Class-level persistence with default SQLite
+        class MyFlow(Flow[MyState]):
+            @start()
+            def begin(self):
+                pass
+    """
+    def _persist_state(flow_instance: Any, method_name: str, persistence_instance: FlowPersistence) -> None:
+        """Helper to persist state with error handling."""
+        try:
+            # Get flow UUID from state
+            state = getattr(flow_instance, 'state', None)
+            if state is None:
+                raise ValueError("Flow instance has no state")
+                
+            flow_uuid: Optional[str] = None
+            if isinstance(state, dict):
+                flow_uuid = state.get('id')
+            elif isinstance(state, BaseModel):
+                flow_uuid = getattr(state, 'id', None)
+                
+            if not flow_uuid:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Flow state must have an 'id' field for persistence"
+                )
+                
+            # Persist the state
+            persistence_instance.save_state(
+                flow_uuid=flow_uuid,
+                method_name=method_name,
+                state_data=state,
+            )
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(
+                f"Failed to persist state for method {method_name}: {str(e)}"
+            )
+            raise RuntimeError(f"State persistence failed: {str(e)}") from e
+    
+    def decorator(target: Union[Type, Callable[..., T]]) -> Union[Type, Callable[..., T]]:
+        """Decorator that handles both class and method decoration."""
+        actual_persistence = persistence or SQLiteFlowPersistence()
+        
+        if isinstance(target, type):
+            # Class decoration
+            class_methods = {}
+            for name, method in target.__dict__.items():
+                if callable(method) and hasattr(method, "__is_flow_method__"):
+                    # Wrap each flow method with persistence
+                    if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(method):
+                        @functools.wraps(method)
+                        async def class_async_wrapper(self: Any, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+                            method_coro = method(self, *args, **kwargs)
+                            if asyncio.iscoroutine(method_coro):
+                                result = await method_coro
+                            else:
+                                result = method_coro
+                            _persist_state(self, method.__name__, actual_persistence)
+                            return result
+                        class_methods[name] = class_async_wrapper
+                    else:
+                        @functools.wraps(method)
+                        def class_sync_wrapper(self: Any, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+                            result = method(self, *args, **kwargs)
+                            _persist_state(self, method.__name__, actual_persistence)
+                            return result
+                        class_methods[name] = class_sync_wrapper
+                    
+                    # Preserve flow-specific attributes
+                    for attr in ["__is_start_method__", "__trigger_methods__", "__condition_type__", "__is_router__"]:
+                        if hasattr(method, attr):
+                            setattr(class_methods[name], attr, getattr(method, attr))
+                    setattr(class_methods[name], "__is_flow_method__", True)
+            
+            # Update class with wrapped methods
+            for name, method in class_methods.items():
+                setattr(target, name, method)
+            return target
+        else:
+            # Method decoration
+            method = target
+            setattr(method, "__is_flow_method__", True)
+            
+            if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(method):
+                @functools.wraps(method)
+                async def method_async_wrapper(flow_instance: Any, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> T:
+                    method_coro = method(flow_instance, *args, **kwargs)
+                    if asyncio.iscoroutine(method_coro):
+                        result = await method_coro
+                    else:
+                        result = method_coro
+                    _persist_state(flow_instance, method.__name__, actual_persistence)
+                    return result
+                for attr in ["__is_start_method__", "__trigger_methods__", "__condition_type__", "__is_router__"]:
+                    if hasattr(method, attr):
+                        setattr(method_async_wrapper, attr, getattr(method, attr))
+                setattr(method_async_wrapper, "__is_flow_method__", True)
+                return cast(Callable[..., T], method_async_wrapper)
+            else:
+                @functools.wraps(method)
+                def method_sync_wrapper(flow_instance: Any, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> T:
+                    result = method(flow_instance, *args, **kwargs)
+                    _persist_state(flow_instance, method.__name__, actual_persistence)
+                    return result
+                for attr in ["__is_start_method__", "__trigger_methods__", "__condition_type__", "__is_router__"]:
+                    if hasattr(method, attr):
+                        setattr(method_sync_wrapper, attr, getattr(method, attr))
+                setattr(method_sync_wrapper, "__is_flow_method__", True)
+                return cast(Callable[..., T], method_sync_wrapper)
+            
+    return decorator

src/crewai/flow/persistence/sqlite.py

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+"""
+SQLite-based implementation of flow state persistence.
+"""
+
+import json
+import os
+import sqlite3
+import tempfile
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Union
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+from crewai.flow.persistence.base import FlowPersistence
+
+
+class SQLiteFlowPersistence(FlowPersistence):
+    """SQLite-based implementation of flow state persistence.
+    
+    This class provides a simple, file-based persistence implementation using SQLite.
+    It's suitable for development and testing, or for production use cases with
+    moderate performance requirements.
+    """
+    
+    db_path: str  # Type annotation for instance variable
+    
+    def __init__(self, db_path: Optional[str] = None):
+        """Initialize SQLite persistence.
+        
+        Args:
+            db_path: Path to the SQLite database file. If not provided, uses
+                    db_storage_path() from utilities.paths.
+                    
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If db_path is invalid
+        """
+        from crewai.utilities.paths import db_storage_path
+        # Get path from argument or default location
+        path = db_path or db_storage_path()
+        
+        if not path:
+            raise ValueError("Database path must be provided")
+            
+        self.db_path = path  # Now mypy knows this is str
+        self.init_db()
+    
+    def init_db(self) -> None:
+        """Create the necessary tables if they don't exist."""
+        with sqlite3.connect(self.db_path) as conn:
+            conn.execute("""
+            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS flow_states (
+                id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+                flow_uuid TEXT NOT NULL,
+                method_name TEXT NOT NULL,
+                timestamp DATETIME NOT NULL,
+                state_json TEXT NOT NULL
+            )
+            """)
+            # Add index for faster UUID lookups
+            conn.execute("""
+            CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_flow_states_uuid 
+            ON flow_states(flow_uuid)
+            """)
+    
+    def save_state(
+        self,
+        flow_uuid: str,
+        method_name: str,
+        state_data: Union[Dict[str, Any], BaseModel],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Save the current flow state to SQLite.
+        
+        Args:
+            flow_uuid: Unique identifier for the flow instance
+            method_name: Name of the method that just completed
+            state_data: Current state data (either dict or Pydantic model)
+        """
+        # Convert state_data to dict, handling both Pydantic and dict cases
+        if isinstance(state_data, BaseModel):
+            state_dict = dict(state_data)  # Use dict() for better type compatibility
+        elif isinstance(state_data, dict):
+            state_dict = state_data
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"state_data must be either a Pydantic BaseModel or dict, got {type(state_data)}"
+            )
+            
+        with sqlite3.connect(self.db_path) as conn:
+            conn.execute("""
+            INSERT INTO flow_states (
+                flow_uuid,
+                method_name,
+                timestamp,
+                state_json
+            ) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)
+            """, (
+                flow_uuid,
+                method_name,
+                datetime.utcnow().isoformat(),
+                json.dumps(state_dict),
+            ))
+    
+    def load_state(self, flow_uuid: str) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
+        """Load the most recent state for a given flow UUID.
+        
+        Args:
+            flow_uuid: Unique identifier for the flow instance
+            
+        Returns:
+            The most recent state as a dictionary, or None if no state exists
+        """
+        with sqlite3.connect(self.db_path) as conn:
+            cursor = conn.execute("""
+            SELECT state_json
+            FROM flow_states
+            WHERE flow_uuid = ?
+            ORDER BY id DESC
+            LIMIT 1
+            """, (flow_uuid,))
+            row = cursor.fetchone()
+            
+        if row:
+            return json.loads(row[0])
+        return None

src/crewai/utilities/paths.py

@@ -5,14 +5,18 @@ import appdirs
 
 """Path management utilities for CrewAI storage and configuration."""
 
-def db_storage_path():
-    """Returns the path for database storage."""
+def db_storage_path() -> str:
+    """Returns the path for SQLite database storage.
+    
+    Returns:
+        str: Full path to the SQLite database file
+    """
     app_name = get_project_directory_name()
     app_author = "CrewAI"
 
     data_dir = Path(appdirs.user_data_dir(app_name, app_author))
     data_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    return data_dir
+    return str(data_dir / "crewai_flows.db")
 
 
 def get_project_directory_name():

tests/cassettes/test_agent_human_input.yaml

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tests/crew_test.py

@@ -1228,6 +1228,7 @@ def test_kickoff_for_each_empty_input():
     assert results == []
 
 
+@pytest.mark.vcr(filter_headers=["authorization"])
 def test_kickoff_for_each_invalid_input():
     """Tests if kickoff_for_each raises TypeError for invalid input types."""
 

tests/test_flow_persistence.py

@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+"""Test flow state persistence functionality."""
+
+import os
+from typing import Dict, Optional
+
+import pytest
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+from crewai.flow.flow import Flow, FlowState, start
+from crewai.flow.persistence import FlowPersistence, persist
+from crewai.flow.persistence.sqlite import SQLiteFlowPersistence
+
+
+class TestState(FlowState):
+    """Test state model with required id field."""
+    counter: int = 0
+    message: str = ""
+
+
+def test_persist_decorator_saves_state(tmp_path):
+    """Test that @persist decorator saves state in SQLite."""
+    db_path = os.path.join(tmp_path, "test_flows.db")
+    persistence = SQLiteFlowPersistence(db_path)
+    
+    class TestFlow(Flow[Dict[str, str]]):
+        initial_state = dict()  # Use dict instance as initial state
+        
+        @start()
+        @persist(persistence)
+        def init_step(self):
+            self.state["message"] = "Hello, World!"
+            self.state["id"] = "test-uuid"  # Ensure we have an ID for persistence
+    
+    # Run flow and verify state is saved
+    flow = TestFlow(persistence=persistence)
+    flow.kickoff()
+    
+    # Load state from DB and verify
+    saved_state = persistence.load_state(flow.state["id"])
+    assert saved_state is not None
+    assert saved_state["message"] == "Hello, World!"
+
+
+def test_structured_state_persistence(tmp_path):
+    """Test persistence with Pydantic model state."""
+    db_path = os.path.join(tmp_path, "test_flows.db")
+    persistence = SQLiteFlowPersistence(db_path)
+    
+    class StructuredFlow(Flow[TestState]):
+        initial_state = TestState
+        
+        @start()
+        @persist(persistence)
+        def count_up(self):
+            self.state.counter += 1
+            self.state.message = f"Count is {self.state.counter}"
+    
+    # Run flow and verify state changes are saved
+    flow = StructuredFlow(persistence=persistence)
+    flow.kickoff()
+    
+    # Load and verify state
+    saved_state = persistence.load_state(flow.state.id)
+    assert saved_state is not None
+    assert saved_state["counter"] == 1
+    assert saved_state["message"] == "Count is 1"
+
+
+def test_flow_state_restoration(tmp_path):
+    """Test restoring flow state from persistence with various restoration methods."""
+    db_path = os.path.join(tmp_path, "test_flows.db")
+    persistence = SQLiteFlowPersistence(db_path)
+    
+    # First flow execution to create initial state
+    class RestorableFlow(Flow[TestState]):
+        initial_state = TestState
+        
+        @start()
+        @persist(persistence)
+        def set_message(self):
+            self.state.message = "Original message"
+            self.state.counter = 42
+    
+    # Create and persist initial state
+    flow1 = RestorableFlow(persistence=persistence)
+    flow1.kickoff()
+    original_uuid = flow1.state.id
+    
+    # Test case 1: Restore using restore_uuid with field override
+    flow2 = RestorableFlow(
+        persistence=persistence,
+        restore_uuid=original_uuid,
+        counter=43,  # Override counter
+    )
+    
+    # Verify state restoration and selective field override
+    assert flow2.state.id == original_uuid
+    assert flow2.state.message == "Original message"  # Preserved
+    assert flow2.state.counter == 43  # Overridden
+    
+    # Test case 2: Restore using kwargs['id']
+    flow3 = RestorableFlow(
+        persistence=persistence,
+        id=original_uuid,
+        message="Updated message",  # Override message
+    )
+    
+    # Verify state restoration and selective field override
+    assert flow3.state.id == original_uuid
+    assert flow3.state.counter == 42  # Preserved
+    assert flow3.state.message == "Updated message"  # Overridden
+    
+    # Test case 3: Verify error on conflicting IDs
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as exc_info:
+        RestorableFlow(
+            persistence=persistence,
+            restore_uuid=original_uuid,
+            id="different-id",  # Conflict with restore_uuid
+        )
+    assert "Conflicting IDs provided" in str(exc_info.value)
+    
+    # Test case 4: Verify error on non-existent restore_uuid
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as exc_info:
+        RestorableFlow(
+            persistence=persistence,
+            restore_uuid="non-existent-uuid",
+        )
+    assert "No state found" in str(exc_info.value)
+    
+    # Test case 5: Allow new state creation with kwargs['id']
+    new_uuid = "new-flow-id"
+    flow4 = RestorableFlow(
+        persistence=persistence,
+        id=new_uuid,
+        message="New message",
+        counter=100,
+    )
+    
+    # Verify new state creation with provided ID
+    assert flow4.state.id == new_uuid
+    assert flow4.state.message == "New message"
+    assert flow4.state.counter == 100
+
+
+def test_multiple_method_persistence(tmp_path):
+    """Test state persistence across multiple method executions."""
+    db_path = os.path.join(tmp_path, "test_flows.db")
+    persistence = SQLiteFlowPersistence(db_path)
+    
+    class MultiStepFlow(Flow[TestState]):
+        initial_state = TestState
+        
+        @start()
+        @persist(persistence)
+        def step_1(self):
+            self.state.counter = 1
+            self.state.message = "Step 1"
+        
+        @start()
+        @persist(persistence)
+        def step_2(self):
+            self.state.counter = 2
+            self.state.message = "Step 2"
+    
+    flow = MultiStepFlow(persistence=persistence)
+    flow.kickoff()
+    
+    # Load final state
+    final_state = persistence.load_state(flow.state.id)
+    assert final_state is not None
+    assert final_state["counter"] == 2
+    assert final_state["message"] == "Step 2"
+
+
+def test_persistence_error_handling(tmp_path):
+    """Test error handling in persistence operations."""
+    db_path = os.path.join(tmp_path, "test_flows.db")
+    persistence = SQLiteFlowPersistence(db_path)
+    
+    class InvalidFlow(Flow[TestState]):
+        # Missing id field in initial state
+        class InvalidState(BaseModel):
+            value: str = ""
+            
+        initial_state = InvalidState
+        
+        @start()
+        @persist(persistence)
+        def will_fail(self):
+            self.state.value = "test"
+    
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as exc_info:
+        flow = InvalidFlow(persistence=persistence)
+    
+    assert "must have an 'id' field" in str(exc_info.value)

uv.lock

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
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 requires-python = ">=3.10, <3.13"
 resolution-markers = [
+
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+    "(python_full_version >= '3.12.4' and platform_machine != 'aarch64' and platform_system != 'Darwin' and sys_platform != 'darwin') or (python_full_version >= '3.12.4' and platform_system != 'Darwin' and platform_system != 'Linux' and sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux')"
 ]
 
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