feat: async task support (#4024)

* feat: add async support for tools, add async tool tests

* chore: improve tool decorator typing

* fix: ensure _run backward compat

* chore: update docs

* chore: make docstrings a little more readable

* feat: add async execution support to agent executor

* chore: add tests

* feat: add aiosqlite dep; regenerate lockfile

* feat: add async ops to memory feat; create tests

* feat: async knowledge support; add tests

* feat: add async task support

* chore: dry out duplicate logic

lib/crewai/src/crewai/agent/core.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import asyncio
 from collections.abc import Sequence
-import json
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 import time
@@ -19,6 +18,19 @@ from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, InstanceOf, PrivateAttr, model_validator
 from typing_extensions import Self
 
 from crewai.a2a.config import A2AConfig
+from crewai.agent.utils import (
+    ahandle_knowledge_retrieval,
+    apply_training_data,
+    build_task_prompt_with_schema,
+    format_task_with_context,
+    get_knowledge_config,
+    handle_knowledge_retrieval,
+    handle_reasoning,
+    prepare_tools,
+    process_tool_results,
+    save_last_messages,
+    validate_max_execution_time,
+)
 from crewai.agents.agent_builder.base_agent import BaseAgent
 from crewai.agents.cache.cache_handler import CacheHandler
 from crewai.agents.crew_agent_executor import CrewAgentExecutor
@@ -27,9 +39,6 @@ from crewai.events.types.knowledge_events import (
     KnowledgeQueryCompletedEvent,
     KnowledgeQueryFailedEvent,
     KnowledgeQueryStartedEvent,
-    KnowledgeRetrievalCompletedEvent,
-    KnowledgeRetrievalStartedEvent,
-    KnowledgeSearchQueryFailedEvent,
 )
 from crewai.events.types.memory_events import (
     MemoryRetrievalCompletedEvent,
@@ -37,7 +46,6 @@ from crewai.events.types.memory_events import (
 )
 from crewai.knowledge.knowledge import Knowledge
 from crewai.knowledge.source.base_knowledge_source import BaseKnowledgeSource
-from crewai.knowledge.utils.knowledge_utils import extract_knowledge_context
 from crewai.lite_agent import LiteAgent
 from crewai.llms.base_llm import BaseLLM
 from crewai.mcp import (
@@ -61,7 +69,7 @@ from crewai.utilities.agent_utils import (
     render_text_description_and_args,
 )
 from crewai.utilities.constants import TRAINED_AGENTS_DATA_FILE, TRAINING_DATA_FILE
-from crewai.utilities.converter import Converter, generate_model_description
+from crewai.utilities.converter import Converter
 from crewai.utilities.guardrail_types import GuardrailType
 from crewai.utilities.llm_utils import create_llm
 from crewai.utilities.prompts import Prompts
@@ -295,53 +303,15 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
             ValueError: If the max execution time is not a positive integer.
             RuntimeError: If the agent execution fails for other reasons.
         """
-        if self.reasoning:
-            try:
-                from crewai.utilities.reasoning_handler import (
-                    AgentReasoning,
-                    AgentReasoningOutput,
-                )
-
-                reasoning_handler = AgentReasoning(task=task, agent=self)
-                reasoning_output: AgentReasoningOutput = (
-                    reasoning_handler.handle_agent_reasoning()
-                )
-
-                # Add the reasoning plan to the task description
-                task.description += f"\n\nReasoning Plan:\n{reasoning_output.plan.plan}"
-            except Exception as e:
-                self._logger.log("error", f"Error during reasoning process: {e!s}")
+        handle_reasoning(self, task)
         self._inject_date_to_task(task)
 
         if self.tools_handler:
             self.tools_handler.last_used_tool = None
 
         task_prompt = task.prompt()
-
-        # If the task requires output in JSON or Pydantic format,
-        # append specific instructions to the task prompt to ensure
-        # that the final answer does not include any code block markers
-        # Skip this if task.response_model is set, as native structured outputs handle schema automatically
-        if (task.output_json or task.output_pydantic) and not task.response_model:
-            # Generate the schema based on the output format
-            if task.output_json:
-                schema_dict = generate_model_description(task.output_json)
-                schema = json.dumps(schema_dict["json_schema"]["schema"], indent=2)
-                task_prompt += "\n" + self.i18n.slice(
-                    "formatted_task_instructions"
-                ).format(output_format=schema)
-
-            elif task.output_pydantic:
-                schema_dict = generate_model_description(task.output_pydantic)
-                schema = json.dumps(schema_dict["json_schema"]["schema"], indent=2)
-                task_prompt += "\n" + self.i18n.slice(
-                    "formatted_task_instructions"
-                ).format(output_format=schema)
-
-        if context:
-            task_prompt = self.i18n.slice("task_with_context").format(
-                task=task_prompt, context=context
-            )
+        task_prompt = build_task_prompt_with_schema(task, task_prompt, self.i18n)
+        task_prompt = format_task_with_context(task_prompt, context, self.i18n)
 
         if self._is_any_available_memory():
             crewai_event_bus.emit(
@@ -379,84 +349,20 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
                     from_task=task,
                 ),
             )
-        knowledge_config = (
-            self.knowledge_config.model_dump() if self.knowledge_config else {}
+
+        knowledge_config = get_knowledge_config(self)
+        task_prompt = handle_knowledge_retrieval(
+            self,
+            task,
+            task_prompt,
+            knowledge_config,
+            self.knowledge.query if self.knowledge else lambda *a, **k: None,
+            self.crew.query_knowledge if self.crew else lambda *a, **k: None,
         )
 
-        if self.knowledge or (self.crew and self.crew.knowledge):
-            crewai_event_bus.emit(
-                self,
-                event=KnowledgeRetrievalStartedEvent(
-                    from_task=task,
-                    from_agent=self,
-                ),
-            )
-            try:
-                self.knowledge_search_query = self._get_knowledge_search_query(
-                    task_prompt, task
-                )
-                if self.knowledge_search_query:
-                    # Quering agent specific knowledge
-                    if self.knowledge:
-                        agent_knowledge_snippets = self.knowledge.query(
-                            [self.knowledge_search_query], **knowledge_config
-                        )
-                        if agent_knowledge_snippets:
-                            self.agent_knowledge_context = extract_knowledge_context(
-                                agent_knowledge_snippets
-                            )
-                            if self.agent_knowledge_context:
-                                task_prompt += self.agent_knowledge_context
+        prepare_tools(self, tools, task)
+        task_prompt = apply_training_data(self, task_prompt)
 
-                    # Quering crew specific knowledge
-                    knowledge_snippets = self.crew.query_knowledge(
-                        [self.knowledge_search_query], **knowledge_config
-                    )
-                    if knowledge_snippets:
-                        self.crew_knowledge_context = extract_knowledge_context(
-                            knowledge_snippets
-                        )
-                        if self.crew_knowledge_context:
-                            task_prompt += self.crew_knowledge_context
-
-                    crewai_event_bus.emit(
-                        self,
-                        event=KnowledgeRetrievalCompletedEvent(
-                            query=self.knowledge_search_query,
-                            from_task=task,
-                            from_agent=self,
-                            retrieved_knowledge=(
-                                (self.agent_knowledge_context or "")
-                                + (
-                                    "\n"
-                                    if self.agent_knowledge_context
-                                    and self.crew_knowledge_context
-                                    else ""
-                                )
-                                + (self.crew_knowledge_context or "")
-                            ),
-                        ),
-                    )
-            except Exception as e:
-                crewai_event_bus.emit(
-                    self,
-                    event=KnowledgeSearchQueryFailedEvent(
-                        query=self.knowledge_search_query or "",
-                        error=str(e),
-                        from_task=task,
-                        from_agent=self,
-                    ),
-                )
-
-        tools = tools or self.tools or []
-        self.create_agent_executor(tools=tools, task=task)
-
-        if self.crew and self.crew._train:
-            task_prompt = self._training_handler(task_prompt=task_prompt)
-        else:
-            task_prompt = self._use_trained_data(task_prompt=task_prompt)
-
-        # Import agent events locally to avoid circular imports
         from crewai.events.types.agent_events import (
             AgentExecutionCompletedEvent,
             AgentExecutionErrorEvent,
@@ -474,15 +380,8 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
                 ),
             )
 
-            # Determine execution method based on timeout setting
+            validate_max_execution_time(self.max_execution_time)
             if self.max_execution_time is not None:
-                if (
-                    not isinstance(self.max_execution_time, int)
-                    or self.max_execution_time <= 0
-                ):
-                    raise ValueError(
-                        "Max Execution time must be a positive integer greater than zero"
-                    )
                 result = self._execute_with_timeout(
                     task_prompt, task, self.max_execution_time
                 )
@@ -490,7 +389,6 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
                 result = self._execute_without_timeout(task_prompt, task)
 
         except TimeoutError as e:
-            # Propagate TimeoutError without retry
             crewai_event_bus.emit(
                 self,
                 event=AgentExecutionErrorEvent(
@@ -502,7 +400,6 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
             raise e
         except Exception as e:
             if e.__class__.__module__.startswith("litellm"):
-                # Do not retry on litellm errors
                 crewai_event_bus.emit(
                     self,
                     event=AgentExecutionErrorEvent(
@@ -528,23 +425,13 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
         if self.max_rpm and self._rpm_controller:
             self._rpm_controller.stop_rpm_counter()
 
-        # If there was any tool in self.tools_results that had result_as_answer
-        # set to True, return the results of the last tool that had
-        # result_as_answer set to True
-        for tool_result in self.tools_results:
-            if tool_result.get("result_as_answer", False):
-                result = tool_result["result"]
+        result = process_tool_results(self, result)
         crewai_event_bus.emit(
             self,
             event=AgentExecutionCompletedEvent(agent=self, task=task, output=result),
         )
 
-        self._last_messages = (
-            self.agent_executor.messages.copy()
-            if self.agent_executor and hasattr(self.agent_executor, "messages")
-            else []
-        )
-
+        save_last_messages(self)
         self._cleanup_mcp_clients()
 
         return result
@@ -604,6 +491,208 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
             }
         )["output"]
 
+    async def aexecute_task(
+        self,
+        task: Task,
+        context: str | None = None,
+        tools: list[BaseTool] | None = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Execute a task with the agent asynchronously.
+
+        Args:
+            task: Task to execute.
+            context: Context to execute the task in.
+            tools: Tools to use for the task.
+
+        Returns:
+            Output of the agent.
+
+        Raises:
+            TimeoutError: If execution exceeds the maximum execution time.
+            ValueError: If the max execution time is not a positive integer.
+            RuntimeError: If the agent execution fails for other reasons.
+        """
+        handle_reasoning(self, task)
+        self._inject_date_to_task(task)
+
+        if self.tools_handler:
+            self.tools_handler.last_used_tool = None
+
+        task_prompt = task.prompt()
+        task_prompt = build_task_prompt_with_schema(task, task_prompt, self.i18n)
+        task_prompt = format_task_with_context(task_prompt, context, self.i18n)
+
+        if self._is_any_available_memory():
+            crewai_event_bus.emit(
+                self,
+                event=MemoryRetrievalStartedEvent(
+                    task_id=str(task.id) if task else None,
+                    source_type="agent",
+                    from_agent=self,
+                    from_task=task,
+                ),
+            )
+
+            start_time = time.time()
+
+            contextual_memory = ContextualMemory(
+                self.crew._short_term_memory,
+                self.crew._long_term_memory,
+                self.crew._entity_memory,
+                self.crew._external_memory,
+                agent=self,
+                task=task,
+            )
+            memory = await contextual_memory.abuild_context_for_task(
+                task, context or ""
+            )
+            if memory.strip() != "":
+                task_prompt += self.i18n.slice("memory").format(memory=memory)
+
+            crewai_event_bus.emit(
+                self,
+                event=MemoryRetrievalCompletedEvent(
+                    task_id=str(task.id) if task else None,
+                    memory_content=memory,
+                    retrieval_time_ms=(time.time() - start_time) * 1000,
+                    source_type="agent",
+                    from_agent=self,
+                    from_task=task,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        knowledge_config = get_knowledge_config(self)
+        task_prompt = await ahandle_knowledge_retrieval(
+            self, task, task_prompt, knowledge_config
+        )
+
+        prepare_tools(self, tools, task)
+        task_prompt = apply_training_data(self, task_prompt)
+
+        from crewai.events.types.agent_events import (
+            AgentExecutionCompletedEvent,
+            AgentExecutionErrorEvent,
+            AgentExecutionStartedEvent,
+        )
+
+        try:
+            crewai_event_bus.emit(
+                self,
+                event=AgentExecutionStartedEvent(
+                    agent=self,
+                    tools=self.tools,
+                    task_prompt=task_prompt,
+                    task=task,
+                ),
+            )
+
+            validate_max_execution_time(self.max_execution_time)
+            if self.max_execution_time is not None:
+                result = await self._aexecute_with_timeout(
+                    task_prompt, task, self.max_execution_time
+                )
+            else:
+                result = await self._aexecute_without_timeout(task_prompt, task)
+
+        except TimeoutError as e:
+            crewai_event_bus.emit(
+                self,
+                event=AgentExecutionErrorEvent(
+                    agent=self,
+                    task=task,
+                    error=str(e),
+                ),
+            )
+            raise e
+        except Exception as e:
+            if e.__class__.__module__.startswith("litellm"):
+                crewai_event_bus.emit(
+                    self,
+                    event=AgentExecutionErrorEvent(
+                        agent=self,
+                        task=task,
+                        error=str(e),
+                    ),
+                )
+                raise e
+            self._times_executed += 1
+            if self._times_executed > self.max_retry_limit:
+                crewai_event_bus.emit(
+                    self,
+                    event=AgentExecutionErrorEvent(
+                        agent=self,
+                        task=task,
+                        error=str(e),
+                    ),
+                )
+                raise e
+            result = await self.aexecute_task(task, context, tools)
+
+        if self.max_rpm and self._rpm_controller:
+            self._rpm_controller.stop_rpm_counter()
+
+        result = process_tool_results(self, result)
+        crewai_event_bus.emit(
+            self,
+            event=AgentExecutionCompletedEvent(agent=self, task=task, output=result),
+        )
+
+        save_last_messages(self)
+        self._cleanup_mcp_clients()
+
+        return result
+
+    async def _aexecute_with_timeout(
+        self, task_prompt: str, task: Task, timeout: int
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Execute a task with a timeout asynchronously.
+
+        Args:
+            task_prompt: The prompt to send to the agent.
+            task: The task being executed.
+            timeout: Maximum execution time in seconds.
+
+        Returns:
+            The output of the agent.
+
+        Raises:
+            TimeoutError: If execution exceeds the timeout.
+            RuntimeError: If execution fails for other reasons.
+        """
+        try:
+            return await asyncio.wait_for(
+                self._aexecute_without_timeout(task_prompt, task),
+                timeout=timeout,
+            )
+        except asyncio.TimeoutError as e:
+            raise TimeoutError(
+                f"Task '{task.description}' execution timed out after {timeout} seconds. "
+                "Consider increasing max_execution_time or optimizing the task."
+            ) from e
+
+    async def _aexecute_without_timeout(self, task_prompt: str, task: Task) -> Any:
+        """Execute a task without a timeout asynchronously.
+
+        Args:
+            task_prompt: The prompt to send to the agent.
+            task: The task being executed.
+
+        Returns:
+            The output of the agent.
+        """
+        if not self.agent_executor:
+            raise RuntimeError("Agent executor is not initialized.")
+
+        result = await self.agent_executor.ainvoke(
+            {
+                "input": task_prompt,
+                "tool_names": self.agent_executor.tools_names,
+                "tools": self.agent_executor.tools_description,
+                "ask_for_human_input": task.human_input,
+            }
+        )
+        return result["output"]
+
     def create_agent_executor(
         self, tools: list[BaseTool] | None = None, task: Task | None = None
     ) -> None:
@@ -633,7 +722,7 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
             )
 
         self.agent_executor = CrewAgentExecutor(
-            llm=self.llm,
+            llm=self.llm,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
             task=task,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
             agent=self,
             crew=self.crew,
@@ -810,6 +899,7 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
         from crewai.tools.base_tool import BaseTool
         from crewai.tools.mcp_native_tool import MCPNativeTool
 
+        transport: StdioTransport | HTTPTransport | SSETransport
         if isinstance(mcp_config, MCPServerStdio):
             transport = StdioTransport(
                 command=mcp_config.command,
@@ -903,10 +993,10 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
                                 server_name=server_name,
                                 run_context=None,
                             )
-                            if mcp_config.tool_filter(context, tool):
+                            if mcp_config.tool_filter(context, tool):  # type: ignore[call-arg, arg-type]
                                 filtered_tools.append(tool)
                         except (TypeError, AttributeError):
-                            if mcp_config.tool_filter(tool):
+                            if mcp_config.tool_filter(tool):  # type: ignore[call-arg, arg-type]
                                 filtered_tools.append(tool)
                     else:
                         # Not callable - include tool
@@ -981,7 +1071,9 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
         path = parsed.path.replace("/", "_").strip("_")
         return f"{domain}_{path}" if path else domain
 
-    def _get_mcp_tool_schemas(self, server_params: dict) -> dict[str, dict]:
+    def _get_mcp_tool_schemas(
+        self, server_params: dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> dict[str, dict[str, Any]]:
         """Get tool schemas from MCP server for wrapper creation with caching."""
         server_url = server_params["url"]
 
@@ -995,7 +1087,7 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
                 self._logger.log(
                     "debug", f"Using cached MCP tool schemas for {server_url}"
                 )
-                return cached_data
+                return cached_data  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
 
         try:
             schemas = asyncio.run(self._get_mcp_tool_schemas_async(server_params))
@@ -1013,7 +1105,7 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
 
     async def _get_mcp_tool_schemas_async(
         self, server_params: dict[str, Any]
-    ) -> dict[str, dict]:
+    ) -> dict[str, dict[str, Any]]:
         """Async implementation of MCP tool schema retrieval with timeouts and retries."""
         server_url = server_params["url"]
         return await self._retry_mcp_discovery(
@@ -1021,7 +1113,7 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
         )
 
     async def _retry_mcp_discovery(
-        self, operation_func, server_url: str
+        self, operation_func: Any, server_url: str
     ) -> dict[str, dict[str, Any]]:
         """Retry MCP discovery operation with exponential backoff, avoiding try-except in loop."""
         last_error = None
@@ -1052,7 +1144,7 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
 
     @staticmethod
     async def _attempt_mcp_discovery(
-        operation_func, server_url: str
+        operation_func: Any, server_url: str
     ) -> tuple[dict[str, dict[str, Any]] | None, str, bool]:
         """Attempt single MCP discovery operation and return (result, error_message, should_retry)."""
         try:
@@ -1142,7 +1234,7 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
         properties = json_schema.get("properties", {})
         required_fields = json_schema.get("required", [])
 
-        field_definitions = {}
+        field_definitions: dict[str, Any] = {}
 
         for field_name, field_schema in properties.items():
             field_type = self._json_type_to_python(field_schema)
@@ -1162,7 +1254,7 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
                 )
 
         model_name = f"{tool_name.replace('-', '_').replace(' ', '_')}Schema"
-        return create_model(model_name, **field_definitions)
+        return create_model(model_name, **field_definitions)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
 
     def _json_type_to_python(self, field_schema: dict[str, Any]) -> type:
         """Convert JSON Schema type to Python type.
@@ -1177,7 +1269,7 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
         json_type = field_schema.get("type")
 
         if "anyOf" in field_schema:
-            types = []
+            types: list[type] = []
             for option in field_schema["anyOf"]:
                 if "const" in option:
                     types.append(str)
@@ -1185,13 +1277,13 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
                     types.append(self._json_type_to_python(option))
             unique_types = list(set(types))
             if len(unique_types) > 1:
-                result = unique_types[0]
+                result: Any = unique_types[0]
                 for t in unique_types[1:]:
                     result = result | t
-                return result
+                return result  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
             return unique_types[0]
 
-        type_mapping = {
+        type_mapping: dict[str | None, type] = {
             "string": str,
             "number": float,
             "integer": int,
@@ -1203,7 +1295,7 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
         return type_mapping.get(json_type, Any)
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _fetch_amp_mcp_servers(mcp_name: str) -> list[dict]:
+    def _fetch_amp_mcp_servers(mcp_name: str) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
         """Fetch MCP server configurations from CrewAI AOP API."""
         # TODO: Implement AMP API call to "integrations/mcps" endpoint
         # Should return list of server configs with URLs
@@ -1438,11 +1530,11 @@ class Agent(BaseAgent):
         """
         if self.apps:
             platform_tools = self.get_platform_tools(self.apps)
-            if platform_tools:
+            if platform_tools and self.tools is not None:
                 self.tools.extend(platform_tools)
         if self.mcps:
             mcps = self.get_mcp_tools(self.mcps)
-            if mcps:
+            if mcps and self.tools is not None:
                 self.tools.extend(mcps)
 
         lite_agent = LiteAgent(

lib/crewai/src/crewai/agent/utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+"""Utility functions for agent task execution.
+
+This module contains shared logic extracted from the Agent's execute_task
+and aexecute_task methods to reduce code duplication.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from crewai.events.event_bus import crewai_event_bus
+from crewai.events.types.knowledge_events import (
+    KnowledgeRetrievalCompletedEvent,
+    KnowledgeRetrievalStartedEvent,
+    KnowledgeSearchQueryFailedEvent,
+)
+from crewai.knowledge.utils.knowledge_utils import extract_knowledge_context
+from crewai.utilities.converter import generate_model_description
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from crewai.agent.core import Agent
+    from crewai.task import Task
+    from crewai.tools.base_tool import BaseTool
+    from crewai.utilities.i18n import I18N
+
+
+def handle_reasoning(agent: Agent, task: Task) -> None:
+    """Handle the reasoning process for an agent before task execution.
+
+    Args:
+        agent: The agent performing the task.
+        task: The task to execute.
+    """
+    if not agent.reasoning:
+        return
+
+    try:
+        from crewai.utilities.reasoning_handler import (
+            AgentReasoning,
+            AgentReasoningOutput,
+        )
+
+        reasoning_handler = AgentReasoning(task=task, agent=agent)
+        reasoning_output: AgentReasoningOutput = (
+            reasoning_handler.handle_agent_reasoning()
+        )
+        task.description += f"\n\nReasoning Plan:\n{reasoning_output.plan.plan}"
+    except Exception as e:
+        agent._logger.log("error", f"Error during reasoning process: {e!s}")
+
+
+def build_task_prompt_with_schema(task: Task, task_prompt: str, i18n: I18N) -> str:
+    """Build task prompt with JSON/Pydantic schema instructions if applicable.
+
+    Args:
+        task: The task being executed.
+        task_prompt: The initial task prompt.
+        i18n: Internationalization instance.
+
+    Returns:
+        The task prompt potentially augmented with schema instructions.
+    """
+    if (task.output_json or task.output_pydantic) and not task.response_model:
+        if task.output_json:
+            schema_dict = generate_model_description(task.output_json)
+            schema = json.dumps(schema_dict["json_schema"]["schema"], indent=2)
+            task_prompt += "\n" + i18n.slice("formatted_task_instructions").format(
+                output_format=schema
+            )
+        elif task.output_pydantic:
+            schema_dict = generate_model_description(task.output_pydantic)
+            schema = json.dumps(schema_dict["json_schema"]["schema"], indent=2)
+            task_prompt += "\n" + i18n.slice("formatted_task_instructions").format(
+                output_format=schema
+            )
+    return task_prompt
+
+
+def format_task_with_context(task_prompt: str, context: str | None, i18n: I18N) -> str:
+    """Format task prompt with context if provided.
+
+    Args:
+        task_prompt: The task prompt.
+        context: Optional context string.
+        i18n: Internationalization instance.
+
+    Returns:
+        The task prompt formatted with context if provided.
+    """
+    if context:
+        return i18n.slice("task_with_context").format(task=task_prompt, context=context)
+    return task_prompt
+
+
+def get_knowledge_config(agent: Agent) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Get knowledge configuration from agent.
+
+    Args:
+        agent: The agent instance.
+
+    Returns:
+        Dictionary of knowledge configuration.
+    """
+    return agent.knowledge_config.model_dump() if agent.knowledge_config else {}
+
+
+def handle_knowledge_retrieval(
+    agent: Agent,
+    task: Task,
+    task_prompt: str,
+    knowledge_config: dict[str, Any],
+    query_func: Any,
+    crew_query_func: Any,
+) -> str:
+    """Handle knowledge retrieval for task execution.
+
+    This function handles both agent-specific and crew-specific knowledge queries.
+
+    Args:
+        agent: The agent performing the task.
+        task: The task being executed.
+        task_prompt: The current task prompt.
+        knowledge_config: Knowledge configuration dictionary.
+        query_func: Function to query agent knowledge (sync or async).
+        crew_query_func: Function to query crew knowledge (sync or async).
+
+    Returns:
+        The task prompt potentially augmented with knowledge context.
+    """
+    if not (agent.knowledge or (agent.crew and agent.crew.knowledge)):
+        return task_prompt
+
+    crewai_event_bus.emit(
+        agent,
+        event=KnowledgeRetrievalStartedEvent(
+            from_task=task,
+            from_agent=agent,
+        ),
+    )
+    try:
+        agent.knowledge_search_query = agent._get_knowledge_search_query(
+            task_prompt, task
+        )
+        if agent.knowledge_search_query:
+            if agent.knowledge:
+                agent_knowledge_snippets = query_func(
+                    [agent.knowledge_search_query], **knowledge_config
+                )
+                if agent_knowledge_snippets:
+                    agent.agent_knowledge_context = extract_knowledge_context(
+                        agent_knowledge_snippets
+                    )
+                    if agent.agent_knowledge_context:
+                        task_prompt += agent.agent_knowledge_context
+
+            knowledge_snippets = crew_query_func(
+                [agent.knowledge_search_query], **knowledge_config
+            )
+            if knowledge_snippets:
+                agent.crew_knowledge_context = extract_knowledge_context(
+                    knowledge_snippets
+                )
+                if agent.crew_knowledge_context:
+                    task_prompt += agent.crew_knowledge_context
+
+            crewai_event_bus.emit(
+                agent,
+                event=KnowledgeRetrievalCompletedEvent(
+                    query=agent.knowledge_search_query,
+                    from_task=task,
+                    from_agent=agent,
+                    retrieved_knowledge=_combine_knowledge_context(agent),
+                ),
+            )
+    except Exception as e:
+        crewai_event_bus.emit(
+            agent,
+            event=KnowledgeSearchQueryFailedEvent(
+                query=agent.knowledge_search_query or "",
+                error=str(e),
+                from_task=task,
+                from_agent=agent,
+            ),
+        )
+    return task_prompt
+
+
+def _combine_knowledge_context(agent: Agent) -> str:
+    """Combine agent and crew knowledge contexts into a single string.
+
+    Args:
+        agent: The agent with knowledge contexts.
+
+    Returns:
+        Combined knowledge context string.
+    """
+    agent_ctx = agent.agent_knowledge_context or ""
+    crew_ctx = agent.crew_knowledge_context or ""
+    separator = "\n" if agent_ctx and crew_ctx else ""
+    return agent_ctx + separator + crew_ctx
+
+
+def apply_training_data(agent: Agent, task_prompt: str) -> str:
+    """Apply training data to the task prompt.
+
+    Args:
+        agent: The agent performing the task.
+        task_prompt: The task prompt.
+
+    Returns:
+        The task prompt with training data applied.
+    """
+    if agent.crew and agent.crew._train:
+        return agent._training_handler(task_prompt=task_prompt)
+    return agent._use_trained_data(task_prompt=task_prompt)
+
+
+def process_tool_results(agent: Agent, result: Any) -> Any:
+    """Process tool results, returning result_as_answer if applicable.
+
+    Args:
+        agent: The agent with tool results.
+        result: The current result.
+
+    Returns:
+        The final result, potentially overridden by tool result_as_answer.
+    """
+    for tool_result in agent.tools_results:
+        if tool_result.get("result_as_answer", False):
+            result = tool_result["result"]
+    return result
+
+
+def save_last_messages(agent: Agent) -> None:
+    """Save the last messages from agent executor.
+
+    Args:
+        agent: The agent instance.
+    """
+    agent._last_messages = (
+        agent.agent_executor.messages.copy()
+        if agent.agent_executor and hasattr(agent.agent_executor, "messages")
+        else []
+    )
+
+
+def prepare_tools(
+    agent: Agent, tools: list[BaseTool] | None, task: Task
+) -> list[BaseTool]:
+    """Prepare tools for task execution and create agent executor.
+
+    Args:
+        agent: The agent instance.
+        tools: Optional list of tools.
+        task: The task being executed.
+
+    Returns:
+        The list of tools to use.
+    """
+    final_tools = tools or agent.tools or []
+    agent.create_agent_executor(tools=final_tools, task=task)
+    return final_tools
+
+
+def validate_max_execution_time(max_execution_time: int | None) -> None:
+    """Validate max_execution_time parameter.
+
+    Args:
+        max_execution_time: The maximum execution time to validate.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If max_execution_time is not a positive integer.
+    """
+    if max_execution_time is not None:
+        if not isinstance(max_execution_time, int) or max_execution_time <= 0:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Max Execution time must be a positive integer greater than zero"
+            )
+
+
+async def ahandle_knowledge_retrieval(
+    agent: Agent,
+    task: Task,
+    task_prompt: str,
+    knowledge_config: dict[str, Any],
+) -> str:
+    """Handle async knowledge retrieval for task execution.
+
+    Args:
+        agent: The agent performing the task.
+        task: The task being executed.
+        task_prompt: The current task prompt.
+        knowledge_config: Knowledge configuration dictionary.
+
+    Returns:
+        The task prompt potentially augmented with knowledge context.
+    """
+    if not (agent.knowledge or (agent.crew and agent.crew.knowledge)):
+        return task_prompt
+
+    crewai_event_bus.emit(
+        agent,
+        event=KnowledgeRetrievalStartedEvent(
+            from_task=task,
+            from_agent=agent,
+        ),
+    )
+    try:
+        agent.knowledge_search_query = agent._get_knowledge_search_query(
+            task_prompt, task
+        )
+        if agent.knowledge_search_query:
+            if agent.knowledge:
+                agent_knowledge_snippets = await agent.knowledge.aquery(
+                    [agent.knowledge_search_query], **knowledge_config
+                )
+                if agent_knowledge_snippets:
+                    agent.agent_knowledge_context = extract_knowledge_context(
+                        agent_knowledge_snippets
+                    )
+                    if agent.agent_knowledge_context:
+                        task_prompt += agent.agent_knowledge_context
+
+            knowledge_snippets = await agent.crew.aquery_knowledge(
+                [agent.knowledge_search_query], **knowledge_config
+            )
+            if knowledge_snippets:
+                agent.crew_knowledge_context = extract_knowledge_context(
+                    knowledge_snippets
+                )
+                if agent.crew_knowledge_context:
+                    task_prompt += agent.crew_knowledge_context
+
+            crewai_event_bus.emit(
+                agent,
+                event=KnowledgeRetrievalCompletedEvent(
+                    query=agent.knowledge_search_query,
+                    from_task=task,
+                    from_agent=agent,
+                    retrieved_knowledge=_combine_knowledge_context(agent),
+                ),
+            )
+    except Exception as e:
+        crewai_event_bus.emit(
+            agent,
+            event=KnowledgeSearchQueryFailedEvent(
+                query=agent.knowledge_search_query or "",
+                error=str(e),
+                from_task=task,
+                from_agent=agent,
+            ),
+        )
+    return task_prompt

lib/crewai/src/crewai/agents/agent_builder/base_agent.py

@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ class BaseAgent(BaseModel, ABC, metaclass=AgentMeta):
         if not mcps:
             return mcps
 
-        validated_mcps = []
+        validated_mcps: list[str | MCPServerConfig] = []
         for mcp in mcps:
             if isinstance(mcp, str):
                 if mcp.startswith(("https://", "crewai-amp:")):
@@ -347,6 +347,15 @@ class BaseAgent(BaseModel, ABC, metaclass=AgentMeta):
     ) -> str:
         pass
 
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def aexecute_task(
+        self,
+        task: Any,
+        context: str | None = None,
+        tools: list[BaseTool] | None = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Execute a task asynchronously."""
+
     @abstractmethod
     def create_agent_executor(self, tools: list[BaseTool] | None = None) -> None:
         pass

lib/crewai/src/crewai/crew.py

@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ class Crew(FlowTrackable, BaseModel):
     def set_private_attrs(self) -> Crew:
         """set private attributes."""
         self._cache_handler = CacheHandler()
-        event_listener = EventListener()  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+        event_listener = EventListener()
 
         # Determine and set tracing state once for this execution
         tracing_enabled = should_enable_tracing(override=self.tracing)
@@ -348,12 +348,12 @@ class Crew(FlowTrackable, BaseModel):
         return self
 
     def _initialize_default_memories(self) -> None:
-        self._long_term_memory = self._long_term_memory or LongTermMemory()  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
-        self._short_term_memory = self._short_term_memory or ShortTermMemory(  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+        self._long_term_memory = self._long_term_memory or LongTermMemory()
+        self._short_term_memory = self._short_term_memory or ShortTermMemory(
             crew=self,
             embedder_config=self.embedder,
         )
-        self._entity_memory = self.entity_memory or EntityMemory(  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+        self._entity_memory = self.entity_memory or EntityMemory(
             crew=self, embedder_config=self.embedder
         )
 
@@ -1431,6 +1431,16 @@ class Crew(FlowTrackable, BaseModel):
             )
         return None
 
+    async def aquery_knowledge(
+        self, query: list[str], results_limit: int = 3, score_threshold: float = 0.35
+    ) -> list[SearchResult] | None:
+        """Query the crew's knowledge base for relevant information asynchronously."""
+        if self.knowledge:
+            return await self.knowledge.aquery(
+                query, results_limit=results_limit, score_threshold=score_threshold
+            )
+        return None
+
     def fetch_inputs(self) -> set[str]:
         """
         Gathers placeholders (e.g., {something}) referenced in tasks or agents.

lib/crewai/src/crewai/task.py

@@ -497,6 +497,107 @@ class Task(BaseModel):
         result = self._execute_core(agent, context, tools)
         future.set_result(result)
 
+    async def aexecute_sync(
+        self,
+        agent: BaseAgent | None = None,
+        context: str | None = None,
+        tools: list[BaseTool] | None = None,
+    ) -> TaskOutput:
+        """Execute the task asynchronously using native async/await."""
+        return await self._aexecute_core(agent, context, tools)
+
+    async def _aexecute_core(
+        self,
+        agent: BaseAgent | None,
+        context: str | None,
+        tools: list[Any] | None,
+    ) -> TaskOutput:
+        """Run the core execution logic of the task asynchronously."""
+        try:
+            agent = agent or self.agent
+            self.agent = agent
+            if not agent:
+                raise Exception(
+                    f"The task '{self.description}' has no agent assigned, therefore it can't be executed directly and should be executed in a Crew using a specific process that support that, like hierarchical."
+                )
+
+            self.start_time = datetime.datetime.now()
+
+            self.prompt_context = context
+            tools = tools or self.tools or []
+
+            self.processed_by_agents.add(agent.role)
+            crewai_event_bus.emit(self, TaskStartedEvent(context=context, task=self))  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+            result = await agent.aexecute_task(
+                task=self,
+                context=context,
+                tools=tools,
+            )
+
+            if not self._guardrails and not self._guardrail:
+                pydantic_output, json_output = self._export_output(result)
+            else:
+                pydantic_output, json_output = None, None
+
+            task_output = TaskOutput(
+                name=self.name or self.description,
+                description=self.description,
+                expected_output=self.expected_output,
+                raw=result,
+                pydantic=pydantic_output,
+                json_dict=json_output,
+                agent=agent.role,
+                output_format=self._get_output_format(),
+                messages=agent.last_messages,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            )
+
+            if self._guardrails:
+                for idx, guardrail in enumerate(self._guardrails):
+                    task_output = await self._ainvoke_guardrail_function(
+                        task_output=task_output,
+                        agent=agent,
+                        tools=tools,
+                        guardrail=guardrail,
+                        guardrail_index=idx,
+                    )
+
+            if self._guardrail:
+                task_output = await self._ainvoke_guardrail_function(
+                    task_output=task_output,
+                    agent=agent,
+                    tools=tools,
+                    guardrail=self._guardrail,
+                )
+
+            self.output = task_output
+            self.end_time = datetime.datetime.now()
+
+            if self.callback:
+                self.callback(self.output)
+
+            crew = self.agent.crew  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+            if crew and crew.task_callback and crew.task_callback != self.callback:
+                crew.task_callback(self.output)
+
+            if self.output_file:
+                content = (
+                    json_output
+                    if json_output
+                    else (
+                        pydantic_output.model_dump_json() if pydantic_output else result
+                    )
+                )
+                self._save_file(content)
+            crewai_event_bus.emit(
+                self,
+                TaskCompletedEvent(output=task_output, task=self),  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+            )
+            return task_output
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.end_time = datetime.datetime.now()
+            crewai_event_bus.emit(self, TaskFailedEvent(error=str(e), task=self))  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+            raise e  # Re-raise the exception after emitting the event
+
     def _execute_core(
         self,
         agent: BaseAgent | None,
@@ -539,7 +640,7 @@ class Task(BaseModel):
                 json_dict=json_output,
                 agent=agent.role,
                 output_format=self._get_output_format(),
-                messages=agent.last_messages,
+                messages=agent.last_messages,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
             )
 
             if self._guardrails:
@@ -950,7 +1051,103 @@ Follow these guidelines:
                 json_dict=json_output,
                 agent=agent.role,
                 output_format=self._get_output_format(),
-                messages=agent.last_messages,
+                messages=agent.last_messages,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            )
+
+        return task_output
+
+    async def _ainvoke_guardrail_function(
+        self,
+        task_output: TaskOutput,
+        agent: BaseAgent,
+        tools: list[BaseTool],
+        guardrail: GuardrailCallable | None,
+        guardrail_index: int | None = None,
+    ) -> TaskOutput:
+        """Invoke the guardrail function asynchronously."""
+        if not guardrail:
+            return task_output
+
+        if guardrail_index is not None:
+            current_retry_count = self._guardrail_retry_counts.get(guardrail_index, 0)
+        else:
+            current_retry_count = self.retry_count
+
+        max_attempts = self.guardrail_max_retries + 1
+
+        for attempt in range(max_attempts):
+            guardrail_result = process_guardrail(
+                output=task_output,
+                guardrail=guardrail,
+                retry_count=current_retry_count,
+                event_source=self,
+                from_task=self,
+                from_agent=agent,
+            )
+
+            if guardrail_result.success:
+                if guardrail_result.result is None:
+                    raise Exception(
+                        "Task guardrail returned None as result. This is not allowed."
+                    )
+
+                if isinstance(guardrail_result.result, str):
+                    task_output.raw = guardrail_result.result
+                    pydantic_output, json_output = self._export_output(
+                        guardrail_result.result
+                    )
+                    task_output.pydantic = pydantic_output
+                    task_output.json_dict = json_output
+                elif isinstance(guardrail_result.result, TaskOutput):
+                    task_output = guardrail_result.result
+
+                return task_output
+
+            if attempt >= self.guardrail_max_retries:
+                guardrail_name = (
+                    f"guardrail {guardrail_index}"
+                    if guardrail_index is not None
+                    else "guardrail"
+                )
+                raise Exception(
+                    f"Task failed {guardrail_name} validation after {self.guardrail_max_retries} retries. "
+                    f"Last error: {guardrail_result.error}"
+                )
+
+            if guardrail_index is not None:
+                current_retry_count += 1
+                self._guardrail_retry_counts[guardrail_index] = current_retry_count
+            else:
+                self.retry_count += 1
+                current_retry_count = self.retry_count
+
+            context = self.i18n.errors("validation_error").format(
+                guardrail_result_error=guardrail_result.error,
+                task_output=task_output.raw,
+            )
+            printer = Printer()
+            printer.print(
+                content=f"Guardrail {guardrail_index if guardrail_index is not None else ''} blocked (attempt {attempt + 1}/{max_attempts}), retrying due to: {guardrail_result.error}\n",
+                color="yellow",
+            )
+
+            result = await agent.aexecute_task(
+                task=self,
+                context=context,
+                tools=tools,
+            )
+
+            pydantic_output, json_output = self._export_output(result)
+            task_output = TaskOutput(
+                name=self.name or self.description,
+                description=self.description,
+                expected_output=self.expected_output,
+                raw=result,
+                pydantic=pydantic_output,
+                json_dict=json_output,
+                agent=agent.role,
+                output_format=self._get_output_format(),
+                messages=agent.last_messages,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
             )
 
         return task_output

lib/crewai/tests/agents/agent_adapters/test_base_agent_adapter.py

@@ -51,6 +51,15 @@ class ConcreteAgentAdapter(BaseAgentAdapter):
         # Dummy implementation for MCP tools
         return []
 
+    async def aexecute_task(
+        self,
+        task: Any,
+        context: str | None = None,
+        tools: list[Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        # Dummy async implementation
+        return "Task executed"
+
 
 def test_base_agent_adapter_initialization():
     """Test initialization of the concrete agent adapter."""

lib/crewai/tests/agents/agent_builder/test_base_agent.py

@@ -25,6 +25,14 @@ class MockAgent(BaseAgent):
     def get_mcp_tools(self, mcps: list[str]) -> list[BaseTool]:
         return []
 
+    async def aexecute_task(
+        self,
+        task: Any,
+        context: str | None = None,
+        tools: list[BaseTool] | None = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        return ""
+
     def get_output_converter(
         self, llm: Any, text: str, model: type[BaseModel] | None, instructions: str
     ): ...

lib/crewai/tests/task/test_async_task.py

@@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
+"""Tests for async task execution."""
+
+import pytest
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
+
+from crewai.agent import Agent
+from crewai.task import Task
+from crewai.tasks.task_output import TaskOutput
+from crewai.tasks.output_format import OutputFormat
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def test_agent() -> Agent:
+    """Create a test agent."""
+    return Agent(
+        role="Test Agent",
+        goal="Test goal",
+        backstory="Test backstory",
+        llm="gpt-4o-mini",
+        verbose=False,
+    )
+
+
+class TestAsyncTaskExecution:
+    """Tests for async task execution methods."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @patch("crewai.Agent.aexecute_task", new_callable=AsyncMock)
+    async def test_aexecute_sync_basic(
+        self, mock_execute: AsyncMock, test_agent: Agent
+    ) -> None:
+        """Test basic async task execution."""
+        mock_execute.return_value = "Async task result"
+        task = Task(
+            description="Test task description",
+            expected_output="Test expected output",
+            agent=test_agent,
+        )
+
+        result = await task.aexecute_sync()
+
+        assert result is not None
+        assert isinstance(result, TaskOutput)
+        assert result.raw == "Async task result"
+        assert result.agent == "Test Agent"
+        mock_execute.assert_called_once()
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @patch("crewai.Agent.aexecute_task", new_callable=AsyncMock)
+    async def test_aexecute_sync_with_context(
+        self, mock_execute: AsyncMock, test_agent: Agent
+    ) -> None:
+        """Test async task execution with context."""
+        mock_execute.return_value = "Async result"
+        task = Task(
+            description="Test task description",
+            expected_output="Test expected output",
+            agent=test_agent,
+        )
+
+        context = "Additional context for the task"
+        result = await task.aexecute_sync(context=context)
+
+        assert result is not None
+        assert task.prompt_context == context
+        mock_execute.assert_called_once()
+        call_kwargs = mock_execute.call_args[1]
+        assert call_kwargs["context"] == context
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @patch("crewai.Agent.aexecute_task", new_callable=AsyncMock)
+    async def test_aexecute_sync_with_tools(
+        self, mock_execute: AsyncMock, test_agent: Agent
+    ) -> None:
+        """Test async task execution with custom tools."""
+        mock_execute.return_value = "Async result"
+        task = Task(
+            description="Test task description",
+            expected_output="Test expected output",
+            agent=test_agent,
+        )
+
+        mock_tool = MagicMock()
+        mock_tool.name = "test_tool"
+
+        result = await task.aexecute_sync(tools=[mock_tool])
+
+        assert result is not None
+        mock_execute.assert_called_once()
+        call_kwargs = mock_execute.call_args[1]
+        assert mock_tool in call_kwargs["tools"]
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @patch("crewai.Agent.aexecute_task", new_callable=AsyncMock)
+    async def test_aexecute_sync_sets_start_and_end_time(
+        self, mock_execute: AsyncMock, test_agent: Agent
+    ) -> None:
+        """Test that async execution sets start and end times."""
+        mock_execute.return_value = "Async result"
+        task = Task(
+            description="Test task description",
+            expected_output="Test expected output",
+            agent=test_agent,
+        )
+
+        assert task.start_time is None
+        assert task.end_time is None
+
+        await task.aexecute_sync()
+
+        assert task.start_time is not None
+        assert task.end_time is not None
+        assert task.end_time >= task.start_time
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @patch("crewai.Agent.aexecute_task", new_callable=AsyncMock)
+    async def test_aexecute_sync_stores_output(
+        self, mock_execute: AsyncMock, test_agent: Agent
+    ) -> None:
+        """Test that async execution stores the output."""
+        mock_execute.return_value = "Async task result"
+        task = Task(
+            description="Test task description",
+            expected_output="Test expected output",
+            agent=test_agent,
+        )
+
+        assert task.output is None
+
+        await task.aexecute_sync()
+
+        assert task.output is not None
+        assert task.output.raw == "Async task result"
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @patch("crewai.Agent.aexecute_task", new_callable=AsyncMock)
+    async def test_aexecute_sync_adds_agent_to_processed_by(
+        self, mock_execute: AsyncMock, test_agent: Agent
+    ) -> None:
+        """Test that async execution adds agent to processed_by_agents."""
+        mock_execute.return_value = "Async result"
+        task = Task(
+            description="Test task description",
+            expected_output="Test expected output",
+            agent=test_agent,
+        )
+
+        assert len(task.processed_by_agents) == 0
+
+        await task.aexecute_sync()
+
+        assert "Test Agent" in task.processed_by_agents
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @patch("crewai.Agent.aexecute_task", new_callable=AsyncMock)
+    async def test_aexecute_sync_calls_callback(
+        self, mock_execute: AsyncMock, test_agent: Agent
+    ) -> None:
+        """Test that async execution calls the callback."""
+        mock_execute.return_value = "Async result"
+        callback = MagicMock()
+        task = Task(
+            description="Test task description",
+            expected_output="Test expected output",
+            agent=test_agent,
+            callback=callback,
+        )
+
+        await task.aexecute_sync()
+
+        callback.assert_called_once()
+        assert isinstance(callback.call_args[0][0], TaskOutput)
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_aexecute_sync_without_agent_raises(self) -> None:
+        """Test that async execution without agent raises exception."""
+        task = Task(
+            description="Test task",
+            expected_output="Test output",
+        )
+
+        with pytest.raises(Exception) as exc_info:
+            await task.aexecute_sync()
+
+        assert "has no agent assigned" in str(exc_info.value)
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @patch("crewai.Agent.aexecute_task", new_callable=AsyncMock)
+    async def test_aexecute_sync_with_different_agent(
+        self, mock_execute: AsyncMock, test_agent: Agent
+    ) -> None:
+        """Test async execution with a different agent than assigned."""
+        mock_execute.return_value = "Other agent result"
+        task = Task(
+            description="Test task description",
+            expected_output="Test expected output",
+            agent=test_agent,
+        )
+
+        other_agent = Agent(
+            role="Other Agent",
+            goal="Other goal",
+            backstory="Other backstory",
+            llm="gpt-4o-mini",
+            verbose=False,
+        )
+
+        result = await task.aexecute_sync(agent=other_agent)
+
+        assert result.raw == "Other agent result"
+        assert result.agent == "Other Agent"
+        mock_execute.assert_called_once()
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @patch("crewai.Agent.aexecute_task", new_callable=AsyncMock)
+    async def test_aexecute_sync_handles_exception(
+        self, mock_execute: AsyncMock, test_agent: Agent
+    ) -> None:
+        """Test that async execution handles exceptions properly."""
+        mock_execute.side_effect = RuntimeError("Test error")
+        task = Task(
+            description="Test task description",
+            expected_output="Test expected output",
+            agent=test_agent,
+        )
+
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as exc_info:
+            await task.aexecute_sync()
+
+        assert "Test error" in str(exc_info.value)
+        assert task.end_time is not None
+
+
+class TestAsyncGuardrails:
+    """Tests for async guardrail invocation."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @patch("crewai.Agent.aexecute_task", new_callable=AsyncMock)
+    async def test_ainvoke_guardrail_success(
+        self, mock_execute: AsyncMock, test_agent: Agent
+    ) -> None:
+        """Test async guardrail invocation with successful validation."""
+        mock_execute.return_value = "Async task result"
+
+        def guardrail_fn(output: TaskOutput) -> tuple[bool, str]:
+            return True, output.raw
+
+        task = Task(
+            description="Test task",
+            expected_output="Test output",
+            agent=test_agent,
+            guardrail=guardrail_fn,
+        )
+
+        result = await task.aexecute_sync()
+
+        assert result is not None
+        assert result.raw == "Async task result"
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @patch("crewai.Agent.aexecute_task", new_callable=AsyncMock)
+    async def test_ainvoke_guardrail_failure_then_success(
+        self, mock_execute: AsyncMock, test_agent: Agent
+    ) -> None:
+        """Test async guardrail that fails then succeeds on retry."""
+        mock_execute.side_effect = ["First result", "Second result"]
+        call_count = 0
+
+        def guardrail_fn(output: TaskOutput) -> tuple[bool, str]:
+            nonlocal call_count
+            call_count += 1
+            if call_count == 1:
+                return False, "First attempt failed"
+            return True, output.raw
+
+        task = Task(
+            description="Test task",
+            expected_output="Test output",
+            agent=test_agent,
+            guardrail=guardrail_fn,
+        )
+
+        result = await task.aexecute_sync()
+
+        assert result is not None
+        assert call_count == 2
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @patch("crewai.Agent.aexecute_task", new_callable=AsyncMock)
+    async def test_ainvoke_guardrail_max_retries_exceeded(
+        self, mock_execute: AsyncMock, test_agent: Agent
+    ) -> None:
+        """Test async guardrail that exceeds max retries."""
+        mock_execute.return_value = "Async result"
+
+        def guardrail_fn(output: TaskOutput) -> tuple[bool, str]:
+            return False, "Always fails"
+
+        task = Task(
+            description="Test task",
+            expected_output="Test output",
+            agent=test_agent,
+            guardrail=guardrail_fn,
+            guardrail_max_retries=2,
+        )
+
+        with pytest.raises(Exception) as exc_info:
+            await task.aexecute_sync()
+
+        assert "validation after" in str(exc_info.value)
+        assert "2 retries" in str(exc_info.value)
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @patch("crewai.Agent.aexecute_task", new_callable=AsyncMock)
+    async def test_ainvoke_multiple_guardrails(
+        self, mock_execute: AsyncMock, test_agent: Agent
+    ) -> None:
+        """Test async execution with multiple guardrails."""
+        mock_execute.return_value = "Async result"
+        guardrail1_called = False
+        guardrail2_called = False
+
+        def guardrail1(output: TaskOutput) -> tuple[bool, str]:
+            nonlocal guardrail1_called
+            guardrail1_called = True
+            return True, output.raw
+
+        def guardrail2(output: TaskOutput) -> tuple[bool, str]:
+            nonlocal guardrail2_called
+            guardrail2_called = True
+            return True, output.raw
+
+        task = Task(
+            description="Test task",
+            expected_output="Test output",
+            agent=test_agent,
+            guardrails=[guardrail1, guardrail2],
+        )
+
+        await task.aexecute_sync()
+
+        assert guardrail1_called
+        assert guardrail2_called
+
+
+class TestAsyncTaskOutput:
+    """Tests for async task output handling."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @patch("crewai.Agent.aexecute_task", new_callable=AsyncMock)
+    async def test_aexecute_sync_output_format_raw(
+        self, mock_execute: AsyncMock, test_agent: Agent
+    ) -> None:
+        """Test async execution with raw output format."""
+        mock_execute.return_value = '{"key": "value"}'
+        task = Task(
+            description="Test task",
+            expected_output="Test output",
+            agent=test_agent,
+        )
+
+        result = await task.aexecute_sync()
+
+        assert result.output_format == OutputFormat.RAW
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    @patch("crewai.Agent.aexecute_task", new_callable=AsyncMock)
+    async def test_aexecute_sync_task_output_attributes(
+        self, mock_execute: AsyncMock, test_agent: Agent
+    ) -> None:
+        """Test that task output has correct attributes."""
+        mock_execute.return_value = "Test result"
+        task = Task(
+            description="Test description",
+            expected_output="Test expected",
+            agent=test_agent,
+            name="Test Task Name",
+        )
+
+        result = await task.aexecute_sync()
+
+        assert result.name == "Test Task Name"
+        assert result.description == "Test description"
+        assert result.expected_output == "Test expected"
+        assert result.raw == "Test result"
+        assert result.agent == "Test Agent"

uv.lock

@@ -618,14 +618,14 @@ wheels = [
 
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+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/9e/fb/e3cc821f7efafdf9fa36ac95e1502a0271612b1a8a943b27a427ed3a316f/botocore_stubs-1.42.3-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:66abcf697136fe8c1337b97f83a8d72b28ed7971459974fa3d99ae2057a8f6e9", size = 66748, upload-time = "2025-12-04T18:41:00.318Z" },
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 [[package]]