diff --git a/lib/crewai/src/crewai/a2a/utils/agent_card_signing.py b/lib/crewai/src/crewai/a2a/utils/agent_card_signing.py
index d869020af..86e42ea68 100644
--- a/lib/crewai/src/crewai/a2a/utils/agent_card_signing.py
+++ b/lib/crewai/src/crewai/a2a/utils/agent_card_signing.py
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ def sign_agent_card(
     Example:
         >>> signature = sign_agent_card(
         ...     agent_card,
-        ...     private_key_pem="-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----...",
+        ...     private_key_pem="<PEM-encoded private key>",
         ...     key_id="my-key-id",
         ... )
     """
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ def verify_agent_card_signature(
 
     Example:
         >>> is_valid = verify_agent_card_signature(
-        ...     agent_card, signature, public_key_pem="-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----..."
+        ...     agent_card, signature, public_key_pem="<PEM-encoded public key>"
         ... )
     """
     if algorithms is None:
diff --git a/lib/crewai/tests/a2a/utils/test_agent_card_signing.py b/lib/crewai/tests/a2a/utils/test_agent_card_signing.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..60ba3e518
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/crewai/tests/a2a/utils/test_agent_card_signing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,538 @@
+"""Tests for A2A agent card JWS signing utilities."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import base64
+import json
+
+import pytest
+from a2a.types import AgentCapabilities, AgentCard, AgentCardSignature, AgentSkill
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import ec, rsa
+from pydantic import SecretStr
+
+from crewai.a2a.utils.agent_card_signing import (
+    _base64url_encode,
+    _normalize_private_key,
+    _serialize_agent_card,
+    get_key_id_from_signature,
+    sign_agent_card,
+    verify_agent_card_signature,
+)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Fixtures: dynamically generated keys (no hardcoded secrets)
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.fixture()
+def rsa_private_key_pem() -> bytes:
+    """Generate a fresh RSA private key in PEM format."""
+    key = rsa.generate_private_key(public_exponent=65537, key_size=2048)
+    return key.private_bytes(
+        serialization.Encoding.PEM,
+        serialization.PrivateFormat.PKCS8,
+        serialization.NoEncryption(),
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.fixture()
+def rsa_public_key_pem(rsa_private_key_pem: bytes) -> bytes:
+    """Derive the RSA public key from the private key."""
+    from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization import load_pem_private_key
+
+    key = load_pem_private_key(rsa_private_key_pem, password=None)
+    return key.public_key().public_bytes(
+        serialization.Encoding.PEM,
+        serialization.PublicFormat.SubjectPublicKeyInfo,
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.fixture()
+def ec_private_key_pem() -> bytes:
+    """Generate a fresh EC (P-256) private key in PEM format."""
+    key = ec.generate_private_key(ec.SECP256R1())
+    return key.private_bytes(
+        serialization.Encoding.PEM,
+        serialization.PrivateFormat.PKCS8,
+        serialization.NoEncryption(),
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.fixture()
+def ec_public_key_pem(ec_private_key_pem: bytes) -> bytes:
+    """Derive the EC public key from the private key."""
+    from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization import load_pem_private_key
+
+    key = load_pem_private_key(ec_private_key_pem, password=None)
+    return key.public_key().public_bytes(
+        serialization.Encoding.PEM,
+        serialization.PublicFormat.SubjectPublicKeyInfo,
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.fixture()
+def sample_agent_card() -> AgentCard:
+    """Create a minimal AgentCard for testing."""
+    return AgentCard(
+        name="Test Agent",
+        description="A test agent for signing",
+        url="http://localhost:8000",
+        version="1.0.0",
+        skills=[
+            AgentSkill(
+                id="test-skill",
+                name="Test Skill",
+                description="A test skill",
+                tags=["test"],
+            )
+        ],
+        capabilities=AgentCapabilities(streaming=False, pushNotifications=False),
+        defaultInputModes=["text/plain"],
+        defaultOutputModes=["text/plain"],
+    )
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Tests: _normalize_private_key
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+class TestNormalizePrivateKey:
+    """Tests for the _normalize_private_key helper."""
+
+    def test_bytes_input_returns_same_bytes(self, rsa_private_key_pem: bytes) -> None:
+        result = _normalize_private_key(rsa_private_key_pem)
+        assert result == rsa_private_key_pem
+
+    def test_str_input_returns_encoded_bytes(self, rsa_private_key_pem: bytes) -> None:
+        key_str = rsa_private_key_pem.decode()
+        result = _normalize_private_key(key_str)
+        assert result == rsa_private_key_pem
+
+    def test_secret_str_input_returns_bytes(self, rsa_private_key_pem: bytes) -> None:
+        secret = SecretStr(rsa_private_key_pem.decode())
+        result = _normalize_private_key(secret)
+        assert result == rsa_private_key_pem
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Tests: _serialize_agent_card
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+class TestSerializeAgentCard:
+    """Tests for the _serialize_agent_card helper."""
+
+    def test_returns_valid_json(self, sample_agent_card: AgentCard) -> None:
+        result = _serialize_agent_card(sample_agent_card)
+        parsed = json.loads(result)
+        assert isinstance(parsed, dict)
+
+    def test_excludes_signatures_field(self, sample_agent_card: AgentCard) -> None:
+        result = _serialize_agent_card(sample_agent_card)
+        parsed = json.loads(result)
+        assert "signatures" not in parsed
+
+    def test_deterministic_output(self, sample_agent_card: AgentCard) -> None:
+        """Serialization should produce the same output on repeated calls."""
+        result1 = _serialize_agent_card(sample_agent_card)
+        result2 = _serialize_agent_card(sample_agent_card)
+        assert result1 == result2
+
+    def test_sorted_keys(self, sample_agent_card: AgentCard) -> None:
+        result = _serialize_agent_card(sample_agent_card)
+        parsed = json.loads(result)
+        keys = list(parsed.keys())
+        assert keys == sorted(keys)
+
+    def test_compact_separators(self, sample_agent_card: AgentCard) -> None:
+        """Output should use compact separators (no spaces after : or ,)."""
+        result = _serialize_agent_card(sample_agent_card)
+        # Compact JSON should not have ": " or ", " patterns at the top level
+        assert ": " not in result or result.count(": ") == 0
+        # More specifically, there should be no space after colon
+        # (json.dumps with separators=(",",":") ensures this)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Tests: _base64url_encode
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+class TestBase64urlEncode:
+    """Tests for the _base64url_encode helper."""
+
+    def test_bytes_input(self) -> None:
+        result = _base64url_encode(b"hello")
+        assert isinstance(result, str)
+        # Verify no padding
+        assert "=" not in result
+
+    def test_str_input(self) -> None:
+        result = _base64url_encode("hello")
+        assert isinstance(result, str)
+
+    def test_no_padding(self) -> None:
+        """Output should have no base64 padding characters."""
+        # Use input that normally produces padding
+        result = _base64url_encode(b"a")
+        assert "=" not in result
+
+    def test_url_safe(self) -> None:
+        """Output should not contain + or / characters."""
+        # Use input that may produce + or / in standard base64
+        data = bytes(range(256))
+        result = _base64url_encode(data)
+        assert "+" not in result
+        assert "/" not in result
+
+    def test_roundtrip(self) -> None:
+        """Encoded data should be decodable back to original."""
+        original = b"test payload data"
+        encoded = _base64url_encode(original)
+        # Add padding back for decoding
+        padding = 4 - len(encoded) % 4
+        if padding != 4:
+            encoded += "=" * padding
+        decoded = base64.urlsafe_b64decode(encoded)
+        assert decoded == original
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Tests: sign_agent_card (RSA)
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+class TestSignAgentCardRSA:
+    """Tests for signing agent cards with RSA keys."""
+
+    def test_returns_agent_card_signature(
+        self, sample_agent_card: AgentCard, rsa_private_key_pem: bytes
+    ) -> None:
+        result = sign_agent_card(sample_agent_card, rsa_private_key_pem)
+        assert isinstance(result, AgentCardSignature)
+
+    def test_signature_has_protected_header(
+        self, sample_agent_card: AgentCard, rsa_private_key_pem: bytes
+    ) -> None:
+        result = sign_agent_card(sample_agent_card, rsa_private_key_pem)
+        assert result.protected is not None
+        assert len(result.protected) > 0
+
+    def test_signature_has_signature_value(
+        self, sample_agent_card: AgentCard, rsa_private_key_pem: bytes
+    ) -> None:
+        result = sign_agent_card(sample_agent_card, rsa_private_key_pem)
+        assert result.signature is not None
+        assert len(result.signature) > 0
+
+    def test_with_key_id(
+        self, sample_agent_card: AgentCard, rsa_private_key_pem: bytes
+    ) -> None:
+        result = sign_agent_card(
+            sample_agent_card, rsa_private_key_pem, key_id="test-key-1"
+        )
+        assert result.header is not None
+        assert result.header["kid"] == "test-key-1"
+
+    def test_without_key_id(
+        self, sample_agent_card: AgentCard, rsa_private_key_pem: bytes
+    ) -> None:
+        result = sign_agent_card(sample_agent_card, rsa_private_key_pem)
+        assert result.header is None
+
+    def test_accepts_str_key(
+        self, sample_agent_card: AgentCard, rsa_private_key_pem: bytes
+    ) -> None:
+        result = sign_agent_card(
+            sample_agent_card, rsa_private_key_pem.decode()
+        )
+        assert isinstance(result, AgentCardSignature)
+
+    def test_accepts_secret_str_key(
+        self, sample_agent_card: AgentCard, rsa_private_key_pem: bytes
+    ) -> None:
+        secret = SecretStr(rsa_private_key_pem.decode())
+        result = sign_agent_card(sample_agent_card, secret)
+        assert isinstance(result, AgentCardSignature)
+
+    def test_protected_header_contains_typ(
+        self, sample_agent_card: AgentCard, rsa_private_key_pem: bytes
+    ) -> None:
+        result = sign_agent_card(sample_agent_card, rsa_private_key_pem)
+        # Decode protected header
+        protected = result.protected
+        padding = 4 - len(protected) % 4
+        if padding != 4:
+            protected += "=" * padding
+        header = json.loads(base64.urlsafe_b64decode(protected))
+        assert header.get("typ") == "JWS"
+
+    def test_protected_header_contains_algorithm(
+        self, sample_agent_card: AgentCard, rsa_private_key_pem: bytes
+    ) -> None:
+        result = sign_agent_card(
+            sample_agent_card, rsa_private_key_pem, algorithm="RS256"
+        )
+        protected = result.protected
+        padding = 4 - len(protected) % 4
+        if padding != 4:
+            protected += "=" * padding
+        header = json.loads(base64.urlsafe_b64decode(protected))
+        assert header.get("alg") == "RS256"
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Tests: sign_agent_card (EC)
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+class TestSignAgentCardEC:
+    """Tests for signing agent cards with EC keys."""
+
+    def test_sign_with_es256(
+        self, sample_agent_card: AgentCard, ec_private_key_pem: bytes
+    ) -> None:
+        result = sign_agent_card(
+            sample_agent_card, ec_private_key_pem, algorithm="ES256"
+        )
+        assert isinstance(result, AgentCardSignature)
+
+    def test_protected_header_has_es256(
+        self, sample_agent_card: AgentCard, ec_private_key_pem: bytes
+    ) -> None:
+        result = sign_agent_card(
+            sample_agent_card, ec_private_key_pem, algorithm="ES256"
+        )
+        protected = result.protected
+        padding = 4 - len(protected) % 4
+        if padding != 4:
+            protected += "=" * padding
+        header = json.loads(base64.urlsafe_b64decode(protected))
+        assert header.get("alg") == "ES256"
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Tests: verify_agent_card_signature
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+class TestVerifyAgentCardSignature:
+    """Tests for verifying agent card signatures."""
+
+    def test_valid_rsa_signature(
+        self,
+        sample_agent_card: AgentCard,
+        rsa_private_key_pem: bytes,
+        rsa_public_key_pem: bytes,
+    ) -> None:
+        sig = sign_agent_card(sample_agent_card, rsa_private_key_pem)
+        assert verify_agent_card_signature(
+            sample_agent_card, sig, rsa_public_key_pem
+        )
+
+    def test_valid_ec_signature(
+        self,
+        sample_agent_card: AgentCard,
+        ec_private_key_pem: bytes,
+        ec_public_key_pem: bytes,
+    ) -> None:
+        sig = sign_agent_card(
+            sample_agent_card, ec_private_key_pem, algorithm="ES256"
+        )
+        assert verify_agent_card_signature(
+            sample_agent_card, sig, ec_public_key_pem
+        )
+
+    def test_invalid_signature_returns_false(
+        self,
+        sample_agent_card: AgentCard,
+        rsa_private_key_pem: bytes,
+    ) -> None:
+        sig = sign_agent_card(sample_agent_card, rsa_private_key_pem)
+        # Generate a different key pair for verification (wrong key)
+        wrong_key = rsa.generate_private_key(public_exponent=65537, key_size=2048)
+        wrong_pub = wrong_key.public_key().public_bytes(
+            serialization.Encoding.PEM,
+            serialization.PublicFormat.SubjectPublicKeyInfo,
+        )
+        assert not verify_agent_card_signature(
+            sample_agent_card, sig, wrong_pub
+        )
+
+    def test_tampered_card_fails_verification(
+        self,
+        sample_agent_card: AgentCard,
+        rsa_private_key_pem: bytes,
+        rsa_public_key_pem: bytes,
+    ) -> None:
+        sig = sign_agent_card(sample_agent_card, rsa_private_key_pem)
+        # Tamper with the card
+        tampered_card = sample_agent_card.model_copy(
+            update={"description": "Tampered description"}
+        )
+        assert not verify_agent_card_signature(
+            tampered_card, sig, rsa_public_key_pem
+        )
+
+    def test_corrupted_signature_returns_false(
+        self,
+        sample_agent_card: AgentCard,
+        rsa_private_key_pem: bytes,
+        rsa_public_key_pem: bytes,
+    ) -> None:
+        sig = sign_agent_card(sample_agent_card, rsa_private_key_pem)
+        corrupted = AgentCardSignature(
+            protected=sig.protected,
+            signature="corrupted_signature_value",
+            header=sig.header,
+        )
+        assert not verify_agent_card_signature(
+            sample_agent_card, corrupted, rsa_public_key_pem
+        )
+
+    def test_accepts_str_public_key(
+        self,
+        sample_agent_card: AgentCard,
+        rsa_private_key_pem: bytes,
+        rsa_public_key_pem: bytes,
+    ) -> None:
+        sig = sign_agent_card(sample_agent_card, rsa_private_key_pem)
+        assert verify_agent_card_signature(
+            sample_agent_card, sig, rsa_public_key_pem.decode()
+        )
+
+    def test_custom_algorithms_list(
+        self,
+        sample_agent_card: AgentCard,
+        rsa_private_key_pem: bytes,
+        rsa_public_key_pem: bytes,
+    ) -> None:
+        sig = sign_agent_card(
+            sample_agent_card, rsa_private_key_pem, algorithm="RS256"
+        )
+        assert verify_agent_card_signature(
+            sample_agent_card, sig, rsa_public_key_pem, algorithms=["RS256"]
+        )
+
+    def test_algorithm_mismatch_returns_false(
+        self,
+        sample_agent_card: AgentCard,
+        rsa_private_key_pem: bytes,
+        rsa_public_key_pem: bytes,
+    ) -> None:
+        sig = sign_agent_card(
+            sample_agent_card, rsa_private_key_pem, algorithm="RS256"
+        )
+        # Only allow ES256 for verification - should fail
+        assert not verify_agent_card_signature(
+            sample_agent_card, sig, rsa_public_key_pem, algorithms=["ES256"]
+        )
+
+    def test_sign_and_verify_with_key_id(
+        self,
+        sample_agent_card: AgentCard,
+        rsa_private_key_pem: bytes,
+        rsa_public_key_pem: bytes,
+    ) -> None:
+        sig = sign_agent_card(
+            sample_agent_card,
+            rsa_private_key_pem,
+            key_id="my-key-id",
+        )
+        assert verify_agent_card_signature(
+            sample_agent_card, sig, rsa_public_key_pem
+        )
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Tests: get_key_id_from_signature
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+class TestGetKeyIdFromSignature:
+    """Tests for extracting key IDs from signatures."""
+
+    def test_key_id_from_unprotected_header(self) -> None:
+        sig = AgentCardSignature(
+            protected="eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1MiLCJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9",
+            signature="dummy",
+            header={"kid": "unprotected-key"},
+        )
+        assert get_key_id_from_signature(sig) == "unprotected-key"
+
+    def test_key_id_from_protected_header(
+        self, sample_agent_card: AgentCard, rsa_private_key_pem: bytes
+    ) -> None:
+        sig = sign_agent_card(
+            sample_agent_card, rsa_private_key_pem, key_id="protected-key"
+        )
+        # Remove unprotected header to test protected header extraction
+        sig_no_header = AgentCardSignature(
+            protected=sig.protected,
+            signature=sig.signature,
+            header=None,
+        )
+        assert get_key_id_from_signature(sig_no_header) == "protected-key"
+
+    def test_no_key_id_returns_none(
+        self, sample_agent_card: AgentCard, rsa_private_key_pem: bytes
+    ) -> None:
+        sig = sign_agent_card(sample_agent_card, rsa_private_key_pem)
+        assert get_key_id_from_signature(sig) is None
+
+    def test_unprotected_header_takes_precedence(
+        self, sample_agent_card: AgentCard, rsa_private_key_pem: bytes
+    ) -> None:
+        """When both headers have kid, unprotected header wins."""
+        sig = sign_agent_card(
+            sample_agent_card, rsa_private_key_pem, key_id="protected-id"
+        )
+        # Override unprotected header with different kid
+        sig_with_override = AgentCardSignature(
+            protected=sig.protected,
+            signature=sig.signature,
+            header={"kid": "unprotected-id"},
+        )
+        assert get_key_id_from_signature(sig_with_override) == "unprotected-id"
+
+    def test_invalid_protected_header_returns_none(self) -> None:
+        sig = AgentCardSignature(
+            protected="not-valid-base64!!!",
+            signature="dummy",
+            header=None,
+        )
+        assert get_key_id_from_signature(sig) is None
+
+    def test_empty_header_dict(self) -> None:
+        sig = AgentCardSignature(
+            protected="eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1MiLCJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9",
+            signature="dummy",
+            header={},
+        )
+        # No kid in empty header, should fall through to protected header
+        result = get_key_id_from_signature(sig)
+        # Protected header {"typ":"JWS","alg":"RS256"} has no kid
+        assert result is None
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Tests: no hardcoded credentials in source
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+class TestNoHardcodedCredentials:
+    """Ensure the signing module does not contain hardcoded private keys."""
+
+    def test_no_begin_private_key_in_source(self) -> None:
+        """The source file must not contain actual PEM key headers."""
+        import inspect
+
+        import crewai.a2a.utils.agent_card_signing as module
+
+        source = inspect.getsource(module)
+        assert "-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----" not in source
+        assert "-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----" not in source
+        assert "-----BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY-----" not in source